Suppliers and users

Table 10.2 Some supplier and user agreement benefits of a full chemical management...

How long will it last An answer to this question is wanted by both suppliers and users, but it is usually a very difficult question to answer for polymer products. This is because the expected lifetime is often in tens of years, the service conditions may be complex and there is a scarcity of definitive data. 

The concept of Chemical Leasing can also be extended to other fields. An example can be seen in the improvement of energy use by an intensified co-operation of supplier and user. Again the result will be a win-win situation for both, environment and economic profits of supplier and user. 

The Chemical Leasing (ChL) approach is a new and innovative instrument to promote sustainable management of chemicals and close the material cycles between suppliers and users of chemicals ("closing the loops"). Chemical Leasing is applicable to large companies as well as small and medium size enterprises of different sectors. Experience shows that these new models reduce ineffective use and over-consumption of chemicals and help companies to enhance their economic performance. 

Identification of main actors involved in processes within the selected sectors develop a list of major suppliers and users and allocate them to categories (e.g., size, existing contacts, etc.) — list of potential ChL clients. 

The already existing database (see structure in Table 1) should be checked using the generated list of potential clients (suppliers and users) to find appropriate partners for ChL business models. 

ChemKit is an interdisciplinary team of experts providing consulting to suppliers and users of chemicals with the aim of implementing a service-oriented business model for an optimised use of chemicals in industrial processes. 

All enterprises which participated in the pilot projects were asked for feedback by means of a questionnaire, suppliers and users being questioned separately. In total 9 companies (5 suppliers and 4 users) returned replies, resulting in a response rate of around 30%. The evaluation was carried out separately for suppliers and users. Therefore no statistical evaluation in the narrower sense can be made, but nevertheless trends can be derived. 

A question of increasing importance to both suppliers and users of RM is the scope of a matrix RM, i.e. the extent to which a reference matrix of a particular type (e.g. a sediment) may properly be used to validate methods used for the routine analysis of test sample matrices of a different type (e.g. a soil). Relating different matrix types in this way is sometimes referred to as com-... 

Figure 8.1 Law enforcement agents enforce laws regarding controlled substances and arrest drug dealers, suppliers, and users. Anna Clopet/Corbis...

Specifications are a necessary part of a quality control program. A specification simply is a statement of the requirements that the adhesives or sealant must meet to be accepted for use. A specification is an agreement between supplier and user. Conformance to a specification does not mean that the adhesive or sealant will perform perfectly in service. It only means that the product conforms to the specification. Specifications not only account for the adhesive or sealant, but also define the adherends and the accessory processes for preparing the adherends and the joint assembly. 

Because of the varied conditions under which pectinases are employed, and because laboratory hydrolysis of a purified pectin substrate does not correlate with results observed with the natural substrates under use conditions, pectinase suppliers and users should develop their own assay procedures that would relate to the specific application under consideration. 

A detailed information exchange between the equipment supplier and user should be the key for a reliable and safe operation, both for lab/pilot scale versatile equipments and for large scale dedicated units. 

Based on previous restrictions on the marketing and use of chemicals under Directive 76/769, a set of recommendations could be detailed in TGDs or as an official European Commission recommendation. The regulatory recommendations would immediately apply to all professional and consumer products on the EU market15. Responsibility for following the recommendations would apply directly to individual companies throughout the supply chain, which therefore holds implications for product, supplier and user liability. 

Safety Data Sheets must be supplied to companies upon first business transaction for dangerous substances and preparations. The Safety Data Sheet summarises hazard data and the appropriate safety measure for use and disposal of the given chemical. Thereafter, suppliers and users share responsibility for updating a Safety Data Sheet. A Safety Data Sheet must usually be made available upon demand for professional users but not members of the general public. 

The term haze point has been used to describe the temperature at which cloudy material begins to form in a cooled sample. Fallout is another confusing term. In the metalworking industry, a 4-oz. glass bottle containing the sample is allowed to sit at room temperature for 48 hours. The fallout percent can be estimated volumetric ally. It is suggested that suppliers and users abide by industry standard methods when describing this aspect of rendered fats (23). 

A mandatory cap on carbon emissions, for example, could be enforced by a requirement that suppliers and users of fossil fuels hold tradable rights for each ton of carbon they produced—the so-called cap and trade approach. This would have the effect of placing a price on carbon emissions that would eventually be included in the price of all goods and services. Environmentally benign technologies, like those based on hydrogen, would... 

This volume contains papers presented in the Symposium on Advances in Flue Gas Desulfurization at the ACS National Meeting in Atlanta on March 29-30, 1981. The symposium was organized to provide a forum for fundamental work in flue gas desulfurization, rather than a forum for commercial process suppliers and users. Therefore, it differed substantially from symposia on flue gas desulfurization sponsored every 18 months by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

This total approach to the integration of quality takes suppliers and users close to a performance guarantee that materials and processes will perform as specified. 

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