Local manufacturing

Generally, in most developing countries, dmg regulation is very weak, and the safety, efficacy and quality of imported or locally manufactured dmgs cannot, therefore, be assured. Studies carried out in some countries show that about 20% of tested dmg products fail to meet quality standards. Reports have also shown that the prevalence of substandard and counterfeit dmgs is higher in countries where dmg regulation is ineffective. 

Chemindex plus. This database contains 8000 pharmaceutical ingredients linked to 300,000 preparations. Chemindex plus [66] can be interrogated at the national or international level. It covers compounds available in 55 countries recording their brand name, local manufacturer, launch date, therapeutic class, and base forms. This product is commercially available from IMS HEALTH Global Services. 

If certain NBC-OD are not available from local manufactures and must be imported there are two alternative solutions to establish a manufacturing facility (or a pharmacy laboratory) supported with government funds or the establishment of a central agency for import and distribution of antidotes, under governmental control. The decision depends on the economical and technological capabilities. 

Australia has a population of only 18 million people, spread geographically over an area similar to that of the mainland USA. The chlor-alkali industry in Australia is small by world standards and has a product mix unique in being aligned neither with chlorinated solvents nor the vinyl chain. The chlorine/caustic soda balance is heavily skewed towards caustic use in the alumina industry however, none of the locally produced caustic soda reaches this market. This has resulted in an industry limited by outlets for the chlorine half of the ECU and based on a relatively large number of small plants scattered across the country to serve localised chlorine market needs. Australia remains a large importer of caustic soda to fill the gap between local manufacture and demand, primarily for the alumina industry. 

Local manufacture of chlorine totals 112 000 tonnes per annum. 

Local manufacture of caustic is a direct function of local chlorine production and accounts for 126 000 DMT per annum, with the balance of the demand being imported. No local caustic production is used in the alumina industry. Table 10.1 summarises the caustic markets. 

Local manufacture (DMT per annum) Imports (DMT per annum) Total (DMT per annum)... 

In this chapter, relevant fastness properties and aspects of pigment performance as well as various facets of pigment application are discussed. The entire class is treated comprehensively instead of focussing on individual types. In Europe, Alkali Blue pigments are also referred to as Reflex Blue pigments, a trade name which was created by the local manufacturer. 

Two regulatory processes exist one for imported products and the other for locally manufactured products. For imported drugs, the registration package includes the following ... 

In a completely different area, the setting of minimum detectable levels, the politically expedient method may be counter productive to the expansion of knowledge. Dr. Kurtz related an example of this "We had a local manufacturer dribble amounts of kepone and mirex in the local streams from waste disposal on their site. At one point a few wells of homeowners along the stream were found to contain kepone at levels in the low parts per trillion. Later in annual state testing programs these wells were found not to contain any kepone. Was there a lowering of contamination What had probably happened was that the minimum detectable level was set above most of these early levels, and the later samples were less than this minimum level. It took on a suspicious air that the state had purposely set this level to avoid future controversy in this area."... 

In October 2001, the site manager gave an oral summary of the incident to the local manufacturers association. 

Occurrences in the United States were known as early as 1698 with numerous finds along Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania (Frondel, 1988). The celebrated purse made from asbestos that Benjamin Franklin took to London in 1724, and which now resides in the British Museum of Natural History, may have been made of long-fiber asbestos from Newbury, Massachusetts. As a journeyman printer, Franklin made paper from asbestos, as did many Europeans. It was also used in making lamp wicks and cloth. Commercial mining in the United States took place some time after the first discovery of asbestos on Staten Island, New York, in 1818. (Asbestos continued to be mined at the site until 1876.) By 1825 more than seventy localities were known to produce asbestos in the United States (Robinson, 1825). However, as early as 1804 Jameson had recorded the mineralogy of the species and listed the numerous university, societal, and private mineral collections containing specimens of asbestos from U.S. localities and asbestos products of local manufacture. 

Some States had separate arrangements that covered the few locally manufactured products sourced from local active ingredients, as the Commonwealth s jurisdiction was limited to imports, exports and goods crossing State borders (although the last power was thought unlikely to sustain a prosecution if taken to court). 

The Literary and Philosophical Society offered him the use of a downstairs room for teaching and experimentation, and Dalton accepted. Soon he was giving lessons six days a week in mathematics, calligraphy, grammar, chemistry, and physics. He supplemented the income from this by lecturing and doing chemical analyses for local manufacturers. He earned enough to live in reasonable comfort and to buy the scientific equipment he needed. 

Another alternative would be to visit an automotive repair shop. Internal combustion engines, lifts, levers, and hand tools are only a few of the types of mechanical devices you could see in use. Yet another possibility would be to visit a local manufacturer in your town. Examples include a foundry, a sheet metal fabricator, an automotive manufacturer, or a pump manufacturer. Look in the phone book under manufacturing for possibilities. 

The U.S. has consistently opposed compulsory licensing by other countries. In January 2001, the U.S. requested a WTO panel against Brazil to prevent Brazilian "local manufacture" of AIDS drugs (WTO 2001). Under international pressure, the U.S. withdrew the panel request in the months leading up to the Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha (Thomas 2001 t Hoen 2002). More recently, U.S. groups attacked Brazil in July 2005 over a proposed compulsory license of Kaletra (lopinavir and ritonavir), an AIDS fixed-dose combination drug. The patent owner, Abbott Laboratories, reached a voluntary price reduction agreement with Brazil which made the formal compulsory license unnecessary, another demonstration of the power of compulsory licenses to improve access (Benson 2005). 

Activation analysis of selected groups of sherds of typically Oaxacan and Teotihuacan ceramics has shed some light on the question of the Oaxacan presence at Teotihuacan and the related concept of long-distance trade between the two centers during early Classic times. Studies of Preclassic Tlatilco figurines reveal them to have been locally manufactured. 

Exceptions from the substantial transformation principle can be found for example in the form of outward processing rules or integrated sourcing initiatives. If the importer is the country s government, offset requirements can be established to limit the outflow of cash. These requirements force the exporter to purchase a certain value of products produced in the importing country, to establish local manufacturing or to use locally produced components in manufacturing. This type of restriction is especially common in the context of military purchases and not relevant for specialty chemicals production. 

Build a local manufacturing base to secure 70 percent of domestic sales... 

The first step in acquiring this knowledge and understanding consists in studying in depth the products that make up the market. The words "in depth" should not be taken lightly. Perfumers must study the minor brands as well as the major ones, the ones developed and produced by local manufacturers as well as the international ones, and develop... 

Another source of income for you and your staff can be your online store. With the exception of fresh produce, probably everything you sell in your store can be sold online. Although the competition can be tough for those online dollars, if you find some unique merchandise that is locally manufactured or grown, your customers will come to the site and buy. 

Biological larvicides have been introduced for malaria and dengue control in many countries. Locally manufactured biological larvicides are available. Personal protection measures have been promoted by control programmes, including the use of insect repellents, mosquito coils, mats and aerosols. Household pesticide use is increasing in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. 

Local Area Networks (LANs) connect local manufacturing, testing and warehouse departments at each site on the WAN. The LAN is not validated as described below ... 

The availability of equipment and materials of local manufacture must be investigated and typical prices obtained, e.g., vessels, exchangers, pumps, piping and electrical materials, etc. 

---