Nominal value

Of course, under the same operating conditions, the higher the thickness the lower the stress level. Further tests were carried out to map the surface thickness distribution using an ultrasonic precision thickness gauge. It was so verified a deviation of the thickness up to 10% of the nominal value. 

Assuming C = 1.0 (Indication luminance a factor 2 higher than the background) we get the nominal values from Fig. 1 ... 

If the nttmber of valence electrons thus calculated does not agree with the standard number of valence electrons in an atom, this atom carries a charge, in this case, the diagonal element h, has more or fewer valence electrons than the nominal value of the respective atom i. The charge value, Ah, can be determined by subtracting the sum of the row values from the nominal value (Eq, (3)). 

Atom VDWForm at cn try to SigmaKpsilori. rh e I 4 van der Waals interactions are nsnally scaled in OPLS to one-eighth their nominal value (a scale factor of (1.125 in the Porce Field Options dialog bo.x). 

The functional form for van der Waals interactions in AMBER is identical with that shown in equation (13) on page 175. The coefficients A. and B.. are computed from the parameters in the file pointed to by the 6-12AtomVDW entry for the parameter set in the Registry or the chem. ini file, usually called nbd.txt(dbf), and optionally with the file pointed to by the 6-12PairVDW entry for the parameter set, usually called npr.txt(dbf). The standard AMBER parameter sets use equations (15) and (16) for the combination rules by setting the 6-12AtomVDWFormat entry to RStarEpsilon. The 1 van der Waals interactions are usually scaled in AMBER to half their nominal value (a scale factor of 0.5 in the Force Field Options dialog box). 

The many commercially attractive properties of acetal resins are due in large part to the inherent high crystallinity of the base polymers. Values reported for percentage crystallinity (x ray, density) range from 60 to 77%. The lower values are typical of copolymer. Poly oxymethylene most commonly crystallizes in a hexagonal unit cell (9) with the polymer chains in a 9/5 helix (10,11). An orthorhombic unit cell has also been reported (9). The oxyethylene units in copolymers of trioxane and ethylene oxide can be incorporated in the crystal lattice (12). The nominal value of the melting point of homopolymer is 175°C, that of the copolymer is 165°C. Other thermal properties, which depend substantially on the crystallization or melting of the polymer, are Hsted in Table 1. See also reference 13. 

Effect of Uncertainties in Thermal Design Parameters. The parameters that are used ia the basic siting calculations of a heat exchanger iaclude heat-transfer coefficients tube dimensions, eg, tube diameter and wall thickness and physical properties, eg, thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, and specific heat. Nominal or mean values of these parameters are used ia the basic siting calculations. In reaUty, there are uncertainties ia these nominal values. For example, heat-transfer correlations from which one computes convective heat-transfer coefficients have data spreads around the mean values. Because heat-transfer tubes caimot be produced ia precise dimensions, tube wall thickness varies over a range of the mean value. In addition, the thermal conductivity of tube wall material cannot be measured exactiy, a dding to the uncertainty ia the design and performance calculations. 

Ionomer resins are produced in multiple grades to meet market needs, and prospective customers are provided with information on key processing parameters such as melt-flow index. Nominal values for many other properties are Hsted in product brochures. The ASTM test methods developed for general-purpose thermoplastic resins are appHcable to ionomers. No special methods have been introduced specifically for the ionomers. 

Nominal values commercial values may vary. Properties given are for the average compound containing 40 wt % siUcon dioxide. ... 

Similarly, the distinction between current and long-term liabihties is also not clear-cut. Current liabilities include accounts payable (money owed to creditors), taxes payable, dividends payable, etc., if due within a year. Long-term liabihties include deferred income taxes, bonds, notes, etc., that do not have to be paid within a year. The owners equity includes the par, or face, value of the capital received from stockholders and any retained earnings. The balance sheet shows only the nominal value and not the current or real value of this capital. 

Both common and preferred stocks normally have a par, or nominal, value. In the case of common stock, the market value at the time of issue usually differs from the par value. Stock can be issued either at a premium or at a discount, depending on prevailing economic conditions and the strength of the company. The difference between the actual amount paid and the par value is listed in the stockholders -equity section of the balance sheet, as shown in Table 9-23. The issuance of stock at a premium or a discount is done to protect existing stockholders. 

The actual thicknesses of piping insulation differ from the nominal values. Dimensional data of ASTM Standard C58.5 appear in Table 11-20. 

If uneontrolled, temperature ean have a signifieant effeet on reprodueibility and the robustness of separations. This ean eause major problems in metlrod transferability between laboratories and at its worst ean require a method to be reoptimised or revalidated. Most separations therefore require a tlrermostated environment. However, the important faetor is tire temperature witlrin the eolumn bed, not just the sunounding enelosure. Cireulating ah ovens, statie air ovens, metal bloek heaters and eireulating water baths ean all generate different effeetive temperatures even if set to the same nominal values. 

Figure 8-5 shows the main circuit diagram of a potential control rectifier provided with magnetic amplifiers (transducers). The chosen potential is set at the nominal value with a potentiometer. The actual potential is compared with this value, which corresponds to the voltage between a reference electrode and the protected object. 

Data ean then be grouped between the various elass limits, the nominal value of eaeh group being known as the elass mid-mark and the number of oeeurrenees in eaeh group being the frequeney, as shown in Figure 2. The mean, varianee and standard deviation of the data ean then be determined using the equations below ... 

The use of surfaee mount parts is widespread. Surfaee mount parts ean rid themselves of heat only through their leads whieh are soldered to a printed eireuit board. The thiekness and surfaee area of the eopper island beeome the heatsink system. The thermal resistanees in surfaee mount deviees are mueh higher, therefore their designs have mueh less margin and room for error. Table A-3 has nominal values for thermal resistanees of eommon surfaee mount paekages. Please refer to the individual part data sheet for the exaet value. 

Filters must be provided for all gas buffers in places where the gas will pass through the gas seal. The gas should be filtered to a nominal value of 2 microns. On most critical systems, dual filters will be required to permit servicing the filters without having to shut down the compressor. This requires the use of a transfer valve that can be switched without causing a flow interruption. If liquids are anticipated, heat tracing or an alternate gas source should be the first consideration. Should this not prove to be practi-... 

Crack extension is often observed to vary significantly at the same nominal value of AK (= Y AOpos Tta) for different values of R-ratio. Elber [26] was the first to explain this observation for metals in terms of the crack closure phenomenon. He determined, by measuring specimen compliance, that fatigue cracks open and close at the crack tip at positive values of stress due to contact between crack surfaces behind the crack tip. For elastic fatigue conditions it is generally found that P p = P, and Kop = K, where P is the applied load. 

I FIGURE li.45 Schedule values for a 24 h time period for containmeril source strength (nominal value 0.6 t< /h). 

I he origins of the above two errors are chfferent in cause and nature. A sim ple example is, when the mass of a weight is less than its nominal value, a systematic error occurs, which is constant in absolute value and sign. This is a pure systematic error. A ventilation-related example is, when the instrument faaor of a Pitot-static tube, which defines the relationship between the measured pressure difference and the velocity, is incorrect, a systematic error occurs. On the other hand, if a Pitot-static tube is positioned manually in a duct in such a way that the tube tip is randomly on either side of the intended measurement point, a random error occurs. This way, different phenomena create different ty pes of error. I he (total) error of measurement usually is a combination of the above two types. 

Nominal size of an ATD The nominal value of dimensions of the prepared opening (duct) into which the air terminal device is to be fitted. For an air diffuser, the nominal size is generally defined as the duct size into which the neck of the device is fitted. 

Nenn-weite,/. nominal width, -wert, m. nominal value face value par value, -wort, n. noun, substantive,... 

The share capital of a company is expressed as a sum of money, the authorized share capital, made up of a stated number of shares, each of which has a face or nominal value. 

Not all the shares in a company may, or need to be, issued. By the issue of more shares, at an appropriate stage in the company s growth, capital may be raised from the institutions mentioned above or, through a flotation on the Stock Exchange, from the investing public at large. When this happens, the price paid per share by the purchasers may be many times greater than the nominal value. 

The metallic electrode materials are characterized by their Fermi levels. The position of the Fermi level relative to the eneigetic levels of the organic layer determines the potential barrier for charge carrier injection. The workfunction of most metal electrodes relative to vacuum are tabulated [103]. However, this nominal value will usually strongly differ from the effective workfunction in the device due to interactions of the metallic- with the organic material, which can be of physical or chemical nature [104-106]. Therefore, to calculate the potential barrier height at the interface, the effective work function of the metal and the effective ionization potential and electron affinity of the organic material at the interface have to be measured [55, 107],... 

Figure 46. Cycling performance of the Li-Al-CDMO cell (ML2430). The number of 100% charge-discharge cycles is calculated until the capacity drops to 100% of the nominal value (end voltage 2.0 V). The number of 5%, 20% and 60% charge-discharge cycles is calculated until an end voltage of 2.0 V.

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