Hydrocarbon Waxes

Waxes hydrocarbon Wax printing Wax sizing materials Wax sweating Waxy corn WB4101 [613-67-2] W341C [110368-36-0] Weak interfaces Weapons Wear factors Wear resistance Weather balloons Weathering... 

Absolute. This is concentrated extract obtained by treatment of a concrete or other hydrocarbon-type extract of a plant or plant part with ethanol. It is usually Hquid and should be totally soluble in alcohol. By this method, waxes, hydrocarbons (including terpenoid), as well as most of the odorless material of the concrete are removed from the extract. 

Chemically Modified Waxes. Hydrocarbon waxes of the microcrystaHine, polyethylene, and polymethylene classes are chemically modified to meet specific market needs. In the vast majority of cases, the first step is air oxidation of the wax with or without catalysts (11). The product has an acid number usuaHy no higher than 30 and a saponification number usuaHy no lower than 25. An alternative step is the reaction of the wax with a polycarboxyHc acid, eg, maleic, at high temperature (12). Through its carboxyl groups, the oxidised wax can be further modified in such reactions as saponification or esterification. Oxidised wax is easily emulsified in water through the use of surfactants or simple soaps, and is widely used in many coating and poHsh appHcations. 

Fluorescein paraffin derivatives, waxes, hydrocarbons [140,141] aliphatic acids [142] hydroquinone and chlorinated derivatives [143] isoprenoids, quinones [111,144] oxathizine fungicides [145] barbiturates, phenothiazines [146]... 

Wax, Hydrocarbon (For Ordnance Use) Zinc Dust (For Use in Pyrotechnics) Zinc Oxide, Technical Zirconium (Granular and Powdered) Zirconium-Nickel Alloy, Powdered... 

Fischer-Tropsch Waxes hydrocarbon waxes made from CO and H2 ... 

The heterogeneous class of compounds marked by solubility in so-called lipid solvents (acetone, hydrocarbons, ether, etc.) and relative insolubility in water, has traditionally been called lipids (3). This historical classification, based upon isolation procedures from natural products, is obviously too broad for simple generalizations since it includes triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, sterol esters, bile acids, waxes, hydrocarbons, fatty ethers and hydrocarbons. For the purposes of this chapter, we will consider lipids to be fatty acids and their derivatives. 

Apart from the n-alkanes discussed above, epicuticular wax hydrocarbons contain sesqui- and diterpenoids. These compounds are based on the structural skeletons of cadinane and abietane, respectively, which are shown in Fig. 7-24. The sesquiterpenoids recovered by Simoneit and Mazurek (1982) in the rural aerosol were calamenene, tetrahydrocadalane, and cadalene. These compounds presumably are degradation products of cadinane derivatives (various isomers of cadinenes and cadinols), which are ubiquitous in essential oils of many higher plants (Simonsen and Barton, 1961). The major diterpenoid hydrocarbons observed in the aerosol samples were dehy-droabietane, dehydroabietin, and retene. The main source of abietane derivatives are coniferous resins. The parent compounds dehydrate fairly rapidly to yield the more stable hydrocarbons found in the aerosols. These may then serve as markers for hydrocarbons arising from vegetation, in addition to the odd-to-even carbon number preference in the n-alkanes. 

Stransky, K., Streibl, M. and Herout, V., 1967. On natural waxes VI. Distribution of wax hydrocarbons in plants at different evolutionary levels. Czechoslov. Chem. Commun., 32 3213—3220. 

Commercial polyolefins often contain additives such as colorants, flame retardants, antioxidants, light stabilizers, nucleating agents, antistatic agents, lubricants (microcrystalline waxes, hydrocarbon waxes, stearic acid, and metal stearates), and so on. These additives aid the processing and fabrication of products from polyolefins. Detailed treatments about specific polyolefins, polymerization systems/ mechanism/processes, structures, properties, processing, and applications may be found in References 2-9. 

The data (1 to 9% extracted hair lipid) represent total matter extracted from hair clippings of individual men and women. Although the conditions for extraction can influence the amount of matter extracted from hair [138], the values here represent approximate maxima and serve to indicate the variation in the amount of extractable material from hair among individuals. Presumably, the principal material in these extracts is derived from sebum and consists primarily of free fatty acids and neutral fat (esters, waxes, hydrocarbons, and alcohols). Gloor [137] classifies the different components of sebum into six convenient groups free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), free cholesterol (C), cholesterol and wax esters (C WE), paraffins (P), and squalene (S). 

Isoprenoids (terpanes), with a longer chain than pristane, have been detected in fossil fuels (see below the discussion on the analysis of petroleum). C25—C30 isoprane hydrocarbons were analysed in a number of methanogenic bacteria The C40 isoalkane, which was isolated from the saturated fraction of the bitumen of the Green River Shale (USA), is claimed to be the product of total saturation of carotenoids. The analysis of these polyhydrogenated carotenes (PHC) requires special GC high-temperature inert columns (see GC of high carbon number wax hydrocarbons). 

Phospholipids. Lipid is a term applied to those natural substances that are more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in water. In its most general sense, it is a broad definition that includes fats, waxes, hydrocarbons, and so on. In biochemistry, lipids are more narrowly defined as substances that yield fatty acids upon hydrolysis. 

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