Market needs chapter

This chapter will attempt to elucidate the roles of statisticians and how these roles affect the overall teamwork needed to guide a new drug successfully through investigational work and to market. This chapter is not intended to provide instruction on basic or evolving statistical methods or concepts. For this kind of background information, the reader will find sources referenced in the bibliography at the end of the chapter (1,2,4). 

The use of antimicrobial finishes to prevent unpleasant odours on intimate apparel, underwear, socks and athletic wear is an important market need. The odours are produced by the bacterial decomposition of sweat and other body fluids, and controlling bacterial growth by hygiene finishes reduces or eliminates the problem. An alternative approach is described in Chapter 18 on novel anti-odour finishes. 

The editors of these books are leading engineers and scientists from all parts of the world. All of them were asked to present their books in such a manner as to address the market needs and pinpoint the cutting-edge technologies in food engineering. Furthermore, all contributions are written by internationally renowned experts who have both academic and professional credentials. All authors have attempted to provide critical, comprehensive, and readily accessible information on the art and science of a relevant topic in each chapter, with reference lists for further information. Therefore, each book can serve as an essential reference source to students and researchers in nniversities and research institutions. 

The discussion of lithium-ion battery materials in this chapter focused on the well-established products. The research and development work on the cell components and materials is stiU very much active and many newly synthesized products are made available for testing and implementation. With time, market needs and the actual performance of these new materials in cells will separate the best candidates for future iterations of lithium-ion batteries. Currently, the most prevalent target requirements of batteries for portable electronics and transportation (electric vehicles, EV) applications are increased energy density and specific energy, closely... 

This chapter will focus on the function and chemistries of today s detergents and dispersants, and how they are being transformed to meet increasing performance and cost demands. A significant trend to address market needs by the combination of additive chemistry with additional technologies will also be presented and some examples discussed. 

You may find that the only way you can put your product on the market is by having it tested by an independent test authority. You may need a license to manufacture it or to supply it to certain countries and this may only be granted after independent certification. Some verification requirements only apply to the type of product/service, others to the process or each batch of product, and others to each product or service delivery. Some requirements can only be verified under actual conditions of use. Others can be verified by analysis or similarity with other products that have been thoroughly tested (see Part 2 Chapter 4). The range is so widespread it is not possible in this book to explore all examples, but as you can see, this small and innocuous requirement contains... 

After a short introduction to the company and its products, the specification should describe in some detail the reasons why a new layout is needed. This will vary from the introduction of, or change to, new products, the establishment of a new factory or the need to explore the changing future demands on an existing site because of changing technology or market forces and opportunities. (Contracts are described in detail in Chapter 8.)... 

The previous chapters explained the operation of a cat cracker. However, the purpose of the FCC unit is to maximize profitability for the refinery. The cat cracker provides the conversion capacity that every refinery needs to survive. All crudes have heavy gas oils and fuel oil unfortunately, the market for these products has disappeared. 

The potential markets for the advanced materials discussed in this chapter are lucrative, and most nations that possess the technological infrastructure needed to invenL develop, and understand these materials are mounting major efforts to exploit these developing markets. 

As we have pointed out in this chapter current economic methods and background assumptions leave room for substantial improvements. And improvements are being made in all areas, although it takes time for these improvements to enter into the applied versions of economic analysis. But larger attention is definitely needed for analysis based on other assumptions than utility-maximizing behaviour where the preferences are complete and stable and where all actors on the market have perfect knowledge. 

The enzymes and biomolecules of interest for the oil industry, as described in Chapter 3, are not manufactured at commercial scale. Consequently, the oil refining sector is not attended for any of the listed companies, so far. However, a small proportion of products are marketed to satisfy the bioremediation needs of the Oil Upstream Segment. 

Natural and herbal diet pills available in the United States today are considered dietary supplements and are not subject to FDA review prior to being sold. Although these agents may have drug-like activity in the body, they do not need to be proven safe or effective like conventional drugs do. Unlike conventional drugs, natural and herbal diet pills can only be withdrawn from the market when they are proven to be dangerous. As a result, many herbal products reach the market without any scientific evidence that they are safe or effective. These products are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6. 

There are natural targets whose syntheses have important practical applications. For example, paclitaxel (marketed as Taxol by Bristol-Myers Squibb) is an anticancer compound originally isolated from the bark of a species of yew tree, but for a long time it seemed that natural sources would not be sufficient to meet the need. Consequently, many chemists developed synthetic approaches to paclitaxel from readily available materials, although these are not yet fully practical for manufacturing. The quest continues, and a semisynthetic route has been developed starting with a compound isolated from yew needles that can be harvested without destroying the tree. An alternative approach has employed plantcell cultures in bioreactors to produce paclitaxel from yew needles (see Chapter 7 for discussion of related matters). 

There is strong international competition in the area of domestic appliances, partly due to market saturation for many household appliances, as described in Chapter 2. The number of newly built houses and flats, the growing age of the population and the trend towards an increasing number of single households are major influencing factors for buying decisions of domestic appliances. Especially in Europe, it is not only the price that determines buying decisions, but also benefit to customers and their social environment need to be taken into account. Many trends in the technical improvement of household appliances were consumer-driven. In Europe in particular, customers wanted ... 

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