Product meaning

The expansion of the reservoir fluids, which is a function of their volume and compressibility, act as a source of drive energy which can act to support primary producf/on from the reservoir. Primary production means using the natural energy stored in the reservoir as a drive mechanism for production. Secondary recovery would imply adding some energy to the reservoir by injecting fluids such as water or gas, to help to support the reservoir pressure as production takes place. 

Economic Aspects. Prices for pyromeUitic acid were about 14/kg in 1994. The dianhydride sold for about 19—25/kg depending on purity, and prices of the dianhydride ground to a fine 3-p.m size were 2/kg higher (153). Production amounts are not released and are dictated by market needs. The use of some multipurpose units to make this product means that the amounts produced are highly variable. 

From these and similar reactions, it s possible to calculate a reactivity order toward chlorination for different sorts of hydrogen atoms in a molecule. Take the butane chlorination, for instance. Butane has six equivalent primary hydrogens (-CH3) and four equivalent secondary hydrogens (-CH2-). The fact that butane yields 30% of 1-chlorobutane product means that each one of the six primary hydrogens is responsible for 30% -e 6 = 5% of the product. Similarly, the fact that 70% of 2-chlorobutane is formed means that each of the four secondary hydrogens is responsible for 70% -e 4 = 17.5% of the product. Thus, reaction of a secondary hydrogen happens 17.5% + 5% = 3.5 times as often as reaction of a primary hydrogen. 

How many of them do we get Do we get both sets of enantiomers as our products (meaning all four products), or do we only get one set (meaning two out of the four possible products) This depends on how the reaction took place. 

Different approaches to metrics have been described by noted authors for various parts of the chemical enterprise and examples of their applications in practice have been provided. The main focus has been on chemical processes but the breadth and interconnections chemistry has with other technology sectors (e.g., energy, electronics, healthcare, food, consumer products) means that many aspects of the book will be relevant to those related sectors as well. 

Cleaner production means the conceptual and procedural approach to production that demands that all phases of the life-cycle of a product or of a process should be addressed with the objectives of prevention of pollution and minimization of short- and long-term risks to humans and the environment. 

The term remanufactured product means a rechargeable consumer product that has been altered by the replacement of parts, repackaged, or repaired after initial sale by the original manufacturer. 

Many laboratory syntheses of important structural types of compounds are too long or complex to work well in manufacturing. Chemists working in the process area are thus often engaged in inventing new approaches that use the most modern reactions, in order to develop compact synthetic schemes with small numbers of acceptable steps. The modern reactions that make this possible are being invented by chemists involved in basic discovery and creation, usually in universities. The pressure on industrial process chemists to develop practical schemes for manufacturing important products means that they do not normally have the time for the basic research that can lead to new chemical reactions. 

Fluorine was isolated by Henri Moissan at the end of June 1886 during an electrolysis of liquefied anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, containing potassium fluoride, at -23°C. The gas, produced at the anode, was fluorine. This achievement earned Moissan the 1906 Nobel prize in chemistry. Thousands of tons of fluorine are being produced today by essentially the same, albeit slightly improved, electrolytic method. Obviously, this scale of fluorine production means that fluorine chemistry has turned into an important branch of industry. This development can be understood if we look at fluorine from a chemist s point of view. 

As illustrated in fig. 27, products produced in a chemical production network are by default finished products, meaning they can be sold to customers instead of being used as intermediate products in the next production step. This principle leads to additional complexity since production demand for a product is composed of secondary demand caused by the subsequent production step as well as market demand or sales opportunities for this product. On the other hand, this also provides the opportunity to better utilize production assets by pushing excess production quantity to the market if the price is sufficiently attractive. 

The quantities that best represent a particular property can often be rationalized on the basis of physical intuition. For example, those that reflect interactions between like molecules, such as heats of sublimation and vaporization, can be expressed well in terms of molecular surface area and the product vofot. A large value for this product means that each molecule has both significantly positive and significantly negative surface potentials, which is needed to ensure strongly attractive inter-molecular interactions, with consequently higher energy requirements for the solid —> gas and liquid —> gas transitions. 

Figure 18.4. Example of technology analysis, e.g., 5% in rubber and plastic products means that 5% of the investments in a central electrolyser are produced in the rubber and plastic products sector in economic terms.

Cationic starch in a paper mill furnish can have additional benefits beyond ash retention and strength. Properly added cationic starch can improve formation in a sheet. With an even distribution of fibers, the natural attraction of water for ionized anionic groups can be counteracted by the addition of cationic counter ions in the form of cationic starch. The flocculation effect that occurs produces much improved drainage on the paper machine. The result is increased speed on the machine yielding greater production rates and overall efficiency. To a paper mill, increased production means increased profitability. 

Investigational Medicinal Product means [ as defined in the Protocol. 

Seller is an independent contractor, with all the attendant rights and liabilities, and not an agent or employee of [insert company name]. Any provision in this Agreement, or any action by [insert company name], which may appear to give [insert company name] the right to direct or control Seller in providing Product means Seller will follow the desires of [insert company name] in results only. 

Among hydrocarbons, the differences between the experimental and calculated values of r must be almost entirely a steric effect polar effects are small and must be transmitted through two oxygen atoms. The largest authentic steric effect known to us is that in the Tetralin-Decalin system, where the rarb product is 0.5. This product means that if we take any steric effects in the reactions of tetralylperoxy radicals with Tetralin or Decalin as base points, reaction of decalylperoxy with Decalin is retarded sterically by 50% more than it is retarded with Tetralin. This result is plausible when we consider the structures of Decalin and the derived radical. 

To solve each of the three varieties, we are going to use the fact that the cross-products are equal. The cross-products are the products of the numbers diagonally across from each other. Remembering that product means multiply, here s how to create the cross-products for the percent shortcut ... 

Sweden s trick to avoid following the intentions of the directive is to classify virtually all pesticides that have previously been permitted for use by the general public as Class II products, meaning that they can be used only by professionals. As a result, the Swedish citizen is barred from using practically all effective pesticides, including a large number of virtually safe products used by consumers worldwide. 

Equipment and processes for thermal preservation depend on the physical form ol the food and its pll. Foods having a pH < 4.5 often can be sterilized, for commercial purposes, at or near a temperature of I00°C. Commercial sterility lor these products means lhat the product will not spoil owing to microbial growth as long as the pH remains at or below 4.5 The spores of Bacillus <-oagulans are an important exception. This latter microbe is found in tomato products, and these products are often adjusted lo a pH of 4.0 or lower, or given an additional heal treatment. 

Stability—In petroleum products, the resistance to chemical change. Gum stability in gasoline means resistance to gum formation while in storage. Oxidation stability in lubricating oils and other products means resistance to oxidation to form sludge or gum in use. 

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