Literature reports Review

It is for this reason that the details given in the monographs are, on the one hand, obtained by reviewing the literature while, on the other hand, the "Procedure Tested" section reports the results we ourselves obtained, which are not necessarily in complete agreement with the literature reports. 

Comforth has reviewed literature reports and independently studied the special cases of reaction of 1 with salicylaldehyde and with 2-acetoxybenzaldehyde. Coumarins (10) are afforded in the condensation of 1 with salicylaldehyde or its imine, whereas when 2-acetoxybenzaldehyde is used, acetoxy oxazolone 12 is the major product. The initial aldol condensation product between the oxazolone and 2-acetoxybenzaldehyde is the 4-(a-hydroxybenzyl)oxazolone 11, in which base-catalyzed intramolecular transacetylation is envisioned. The product 9 (R = Ac) can either be acetylated on the phenolic hydroxy group, before or after loss of acetic acid, to yield the oxazolone 12, or it can rearrange, by a second intramolecular process catalyzed by base and acid, to the hydrocoumarin, which loses acetic acid to yield 10. When salicylaldehyde is the starting material, aldol intermediate 9 (R = H) can rearrange directly to a hydrocoumarin. Comforth also accessed pure 4-(2 -hydroxyphenylmethylene)-2-phenyloxazol-5(4//)-one (13) through hydrolysis of 12 with 88% sulfuric acid. 

There have been several reviews of literature reports of compensation behaviour [36,521,522]. The observations made are relevant in the present context since kinetic characteristics of surface processes may be applicable also to changes proceeding at a solid—solid interface (i.e., two surfaces). Some of the explanations proposed for compensation behaviour (discussed in greater detail, with citations, in ref. 36) are that... 

To prevent oxidation of nitrous oxide to nitrogen tetraoxide, excess ascorbic acid must be used. Douglas et al (1978) has reviewed the numerous literature reports on ascorbic acid inhibition of nitrosamine formation in amine-nitrite systems. 

Marine sponges are a source of an array of polycyclic diamine alkaloids of common biogenetic origin. This class of secondary metabolites has been the subject of four previous reviews [4-7]. Therefore, the present review will include literature reports previously not discussed, dealing with the isolation, structure determination, biological activities, and total synthesis of polycycUc diamine alkaloids isolated from marine sponges. This review will not include guanidine alkaloids [8,9] or the manzamine alkaloids [10,11], since these compounds have been recently reviewed elsewhere. Only polycycUc... 

Today, a large body of work on microwave-assisted synthesis exists in the published and patent literature. Many review articles [8-20], several books [21-23], and information on the world-wide-web [24] already provide extensive coverage of the subject. The goal of the present book is to present carefully scrutinized, useful, and practical information for both beginners and advanced practitioners of microwave-assisted organic synthesis. Special emphasis is placed on concepts and chemical transformations that are of importance to medicinal chemists, and that have been reported in the most recent literature (2002-2004). The extensive literature survey is limited to reactions that have been performed using controlled microwave heating conditions, i.e., where dedicated microwave reactors for synthetic applications with adequate... 

Numerous modifications to the bis(aryl)-a-diimine ligand motif have been reported, especially in the patent literature. The review by Ittel includes an index of diimine and related ligands in proprietary publications up to the year 2000 [26]. Instead, this discussion will focus on academic reports of Ni(II) and Pd(II) polymerization catalysts bearing a-diimine or other closely related chelating neutral nitrogen ligands. 

The most important development within the field of Diels-Alder chemistry during the past two decades must be considered to be the design and application of chiral Lewis acid catalysts. From the mid 80s on, the number of literature reports about the design and application of chiral Lewis acids in the synthesis of chiral Diels-Alder adducts from achiral precursors grew exponentially, but it started to level off and decrease again in the mid 90s. Several excellent reviews about the application of chiral Lewis acids in Diels-Alder reactions have been published41,43 44. In this section, the recent literature about the chiral Lewis acid catalyzed all-carbon Diels-Alder reactions of dienes with dienophiles is reviewed, which, as such, has not been reviewed before. 

Single component system (SCS) adsorption models actually mean one pollutant component in aqueous system or in a SWM leachate [34]. Since water is simply assumed to be inert, and the pollutant/leachate adsorption is assumed to be unaffected by water, the system is treated as an SCS. To represent the equilibrium relation for SCS adsorption, a number of isotherm models reported in the literature are reviewed in the following. 

Sanborn JR, Francis BM, Metcalf RL. 1977. The degradation of selected pesticides in soil A review of the published literature. Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, by Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, 111. EPA 600/9-77-022. NTIS No. PB-272353. 

Each monograph reviews all pertinent epidemiological studies and cancer bioassays in experimental animals. Mechanistic and other relevant data are also reviewed. With regard to epidemiological studies, cancer bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data, only reports that have been published or accepted for publication in the openly available scientific literature are reviewed. Data from government agency reports that are publicly available are also considered. 

In this section a variety of analytical separations reported in the literature are reviewed to show the wide structural diversity of eluite which can be separated by RPC and to assist the reader in becoming similar with the use of this fluid chromatographic technique. The descriptions are ar-ranged according to the matrix in which an analyte is found or the area of - h istry in which the samples are generally encountered. Thus theophylline, for example, is regarded as a nucleotide and, for the most part, its analysis in food samples is found with appropriate cross references. On the other hand, the separations of pharmaceuticals found in serum, urine, and pharmaceutical samples are cited separately. It is hoped that this method of classification may serve the purposes of those wh e analytical interests are incidental to their primary research pursuits. 

Gracious, B.L. and Wisner, K.L. (1997) Phenelzine use throughout pregnancy and the puerperium a case report, review of the literature, and management recommendations. Depression Anxiety 6 124-128. 

The literature contains reviews of the chemistry of org azides (Refs 5 11). Smith (Ref 8) has reported on the acyl azides,... 

Solubility. The solubility of the polymers has not been emphasized sufficiently in reviews and the original literature reports. The reason for this omission may be the extremely low solubility of all of the polymers, except Tenax, in the solvents normally used for elution and purification. The adverse effects of polymer solubility are (1) even very small amounts of dissolved polymer can interfere with the subsequent chemical analyses and bioassays, and (2) dissolution of some of the polymer can change the surface characteristics both externally and internally such that reuse involves a polymer of much different adsorption efficiency. An example of the first adverse effect would be deterioration of the analytical capillary column when deposition followed by decomposition of the polymer occurs on the front end of the capillary. An extreme example of the second adverse effect is the dissolution of large amounts of Tenax when benzene is used in Soxhlet desorption. 

There is extensive literature on PC blends with ABS, and blends of PC with related materials such as SAN, methacrylate—butadiene—styrene (MBS) emulsion-made core-shell mbber modifiers (297—299), and other impact modifiers. One report reviews some of these approaches and compares PC blends based on emulsion vs bulk ABS (229). In PC—ABS blends, no additional compatibilizer is used, because of the near-miscibility of the SAN matrix of ABS and PC. 

Research articles of interest to biochemists may appear in many types of research journals. Research libraries do not have the funds necessary to subscribe to every journal, nor do scientists have the time to survey every current journal copy for articles of interest. Two publications that help scientists to keep up with published articles are Chemical Titles (published every 2 weeks by the American Chemical Society) and the weekly Current Contents available in hard copy and computer disks (published by the Institute of Science Information). The Life Science edition of Current Contents is the most useful for biochemists. The computer revolution has reached into the chemical and biochemical literature, and most college and university libraries now subscribe to computer bibliographic search services. One such service is STN International, the scientific and technical information network. This on-line system allows direct access to some of the world s largest scientific databases. The STN databases of most value to life scientists include BIOSIS Pre-views/RN (produced by Bio Sciences Information Service covers original research reports, reviews, and U.S. patents in biology and biomedicine), CA (produced by Chemical Abstracts service covers research reports in all areas of chemistry), MEDLINE, and MEDLARS (produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and Index Medicus, respectively cover all areas of biomedicine). These networks provide on-line service and their databases can be accessed from personal computers in the office, laboratory, or library. Some... 

Several authors have independently revisited Miller s work. Vigier s [7] interpretation was mentioned in Section I. In 1988 the present author began a revision of all experiments of the Michelson-Morley type (M-M experiments) reported in the literature. The review is published as Munera [57],... 

A combined listing of all the compounds identified in the vapor and on particles emitted during the combustion of coal at the /toes power plant are listed in Table I. Similar compounds have been identified in the emissions from a second coal-fired power plant located at Iowa State University. Therefore, this list may be partially representative of coal combustion in semi-modern boilers. Certainly, many more organic compounds than the listed 78 are present in these effluents, but so far these have not been positively identified. Indeed, a 1980 review of organic compounds from coal combustion (1) taken from all the literature reports had only 106 compounds identified. 

MacArthur, J. R. and L. L. Jones (2008) A review of literature reports of clickers applicable to college chemistry classrooms. Chemistry Education Research and Practice 9,187-195. 

---