Original literature

In addition to their practical importance, colloidal suspensions have received much attention from chemists and physicists alike. This is an interesting research area in its own right, and it is an important aspect of what is referred to as soft condensed matter physics. This contribution is written from such a perspective, and although a balanced account is aimed for, it is inevitably biased by the author s research interests. References to the original literature are included, but within the scope of this contribution only a fraction of the vast amount of literature on colloidal suspensions can be mentioned. 

Gmelin contains over 800 different chemical and physical property fields, and a detailed index of the original literature. Broad categories of data found in the database include ... 

The sections below describe the most commonly used techniques. There are many variations and permutations for all of these. The reader is referred to the software documentation and original literature for clarification of the details. 

There are many technical details involved in SCRF calculations, many of which the user can control. Readers of this book are advised to use the default values as much as possible unless they have carefully examined the original literature and tested their modifications. PCM methods are generally more accurate than the Onsager and COSMO methods. 

The original literature sources on which the various procedures are based are indicated by a reference number after the name of the compound to be prepared. 

Another nice example of a multicomponent analysis based on current research is presented in this experiment. Although the H-point standard addition is not discussed in this text, this paper provides adequate theory and references to the original literature. 

Exercises are included at the end of each chapter which are based on data from the original literature. 

A = 100 pm 1 D = 3.336x 10 C m. X-Ray diffraction data are enclosed in parentheses. Data taken from <74PMH(6i53>, which see for references to the original literature. 

Data taken from 7ipmhi4ii4i> which contains references to the original literature. 

Unless otherwise indicated data taken from (71pmH(3)67) which contains references to the original literature. (73JHC267). 

Unless otherwise indicated, data taken from <63pmh(D177) or from appropriate chapter, Heterocyclic Chemistry , which contain references to the original literature. 

This subject has been dealt with in (74AHC( 17)255), which should be consulted for further details and references to the original literature. 

This reference system is considered to be more useful than the conventional superscript number method since it enables the reader to see immediately in which year and in which journal (at least for the more common journals whose letter codes soon become familiar) the work cited was published. The reader is thus able to go directly to the original literature reference without having to consult a bibliography. It also provides the author and editor with the considerable advantage of being able to add or delete references up to the final submission of the manuscript without altering the numbering system. 

The physical data index summarizes the quantitative data given for specific compounds in the text, tables and figures in Volumes 1-7. It does not give any actual data but includes references both to the appropriate text page and to the original literature. The structural and spectroscopic methods covered include UV, IR, Raman, microwave, MS, PES, NMR, ORD, CD, X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction, together with such quantities as dipole moment, pX a, rate constant and activation energy, and equilibrium constant. 

Many references to the original literature have been included remembering that some of the best references happened to be in the older literature. Every effort has been made to provide the best references but this may not have been achieved in all cases. Standard abbreviations, listed on page 1, have been used throughout this edition to optimise space, except where no space advantage was achieved, in which cases the complete words have been written down to improve the flow of the sentences. 

This Part of the book could as well have been titled "Synthesis in Action" for it consists of specific multistep sequences of reactions which have been demonstrated by experiment to allow the synthesis of a variety of interesting target molecules. Graphical flowcharts for each synthesis define precisely the pathway of molecular construction in terms of individual reactions and reagents. Each synthetic sequence is accompanied by references to the original literature. 

Some six hundred structures of naturally occurring carbogenic molecules appe on the pages which follow, together with the name of each compound and references to the original literature of successful chemical synthesis. Thus, Part Three of this book is effectively a key to the literature of chemical synthesis as applied to the complex molecules of nature. The survey does not include oligomeric or polymeric structures, such as peptides, proteins, carbohydrates and polynucleotides, which fall outside the scope of this book because they can be assembled by repetitive procedures. 

Quite a number of mixed sulfur-nitrogen macrocycles have been prepared, but these have largely been by the methods outlined in Chaps. 4 and 5 for the respective heteroatoms. An alternative method, involves the formation of a Schiff base, followed by reduction to the fully saturated system, if desired. An interesting example of the Schiff base formation is found in the reaction formulated in (6.12). Dialdehyde 14 is added to ethylenediamine in a solution containing ferrous ions. Although fully characterized, the yield for the reaction is not recorded. To avoid confusion with the original literature, we note the claim that the dialdehyde [14] was readily prepared in good yield by reaction of the disodium salt of 3-thiapentane-l, 5-diol . The latter must be the dithiol rather than the diol. 

One may also wonder why a volume with syntheses in the title is devoid of detailed preparations. These have been consciously omitted because inclusion of more than just a few would have made the book quite lengthy and the arbitrary choice of procedures would have added to the problem noted above. We have included mention of key experimental details in numerous cases but feel that the reader would be far wiser to refer to the original literature in performing a preparation than following a recipe from a book. The orginial literature would be necessary in any event since it would have been impossible to include spectral data in the preparations. 

The nonspecialist reading Table 7-7 will probably be impressed by the substantial consistency among cti values evaluated by different methods, but the specialist tends to concentrate on the differences. There is one very interesting difference in Table 7-7, that for cti of alkyl groups based on Eq. (7-33) compared with cti based on the ionization of 3, the latter values showing practically no effect of inductive electron release and certainly no trend with increased branching. (The uncertainties associated with these substituent constants can be found in the original literature.) Swain... 

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