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Projection radiography is widely used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. Film digitisation allows a direct access to the local density variations by computer software. Following to a calibration step an interactive estimation of local wall thickness change based on the obtained density variation is possible. The theoretical model is discussed, the limitations of the application range are shown and examples of the practical use are given. The accuracy of this method is compared to results from wall thickness measurements with ultrasonic devices. 

The test report shows all indications in a top and side view of the weld, which makes it directly accessible even to ultrasonic laymen. 

More than 10 000 databases exist that provide a small or large amount of data on various topics (including chemistry). The contents in databases are supplied by approximately 3500 database developers (e.g., the Chemical Abstracts Service, MDL Information Systems, etc.). Since there is a variety of topics from economics to science, as well as a variety of structures of the database, only some of the vendors (-2000) offer one or more databases as either local or as online databases (Figure 5-4) [4]. Usually, databases are provided by hosts that permit direct access to more than one database. The search occurs primarily through different individual soft-... 

Commercially important arenesulfonyl isocyanates are not directly accessible from the corresponding sulfonamides via phosgenation due to lack of reactivity or by-product formation at elevated temperatures. A convenient method for their preparation consists of the reaction of alkyl isocyanates with sulfonamides to produce mixed ureas which, upon phosgenation, yield a mixture of alkyl and arenesulfonyl isocyanates. The desired product can be obtained by simple distillation (16). Optionally, the oxalyl chloride route has been employed for the synthesis of arenesulfonyl isocyanate (87). 

The designer usually wants to specify stream flow rates or parameters in the process, but these may not be directly accessible. For example, the desired separation may be known for a distiUation tower, but the simulation program requires the specification of the number of trays. It is left up to the designer to choose the number of trays that lead to the desired separation. In the example of the purge stream/ reactor impurity, a controller module may be used to adjust the purge rate to achieve the desired reactor impurity. This further complicates the iteration process. 

The second most commonly used header is a cover-plate header. The cover plate is bolted to the top, bottom, and end plates of the header. Removing the cover plate provides direct access to the tubes without the necessity of removing individual threaded plugs. 

External recirculation is the movement of the heated air within the bay to an external duc t, where this air mixes with inlet air, and the mixture serves as the cooling fluid within the bay. Inlet air does not have direct access to the tube bundle an adequate mixing chamber is essential. Recirculation over the end of the exchanger is illustrated in Fig. 11-48. Over-the-side recirculation also is used. External recirculation systems maintain the desired low temperature of the air crossing the tube bundle. 

Available during a (ransporlalion-relaled emergency to provide hazard warning and assistance to response peisonnel. Modem allows direct access to HIT, the CMA s response information database. 

Personal protective equipment Respiratory protection Gives workers direct access to worksite Increases worker exposure to hazard... 

The CNT cavity is not directly accessible for experiments for CNTs obtained from the cathode deposit because, their tips are almost always closed by multishell hemispherical or polyhedral domes. The first step of any capillaryfilling procedure consists of an opening process, that will be discussed in detail in the following section. 

Offers direct access to virtually all of the world s scientific and data bases for toxicology and related information. Covers chemicals, pesticides, food additives, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, environmental pollutants, and pharmaceuticals. The Center is online to more than 400 computerized databases, including DIALOG, MEDLARS, STN International, ITIS, and DROLS. It performs searches for outside users for a fee. 

The third transition procedure defines the rules under which competitive suppliers of electricity can compete for end users. There are two polar models that are often debated for power market organization the direct access (or bilateral contracts) regime, and the Poolco regime. Under direct access, consumers enter into direct contracts with competitive suppliers of electricity, and competitive providers of electricity enter into contracts with, and pay an access fee to, the local (regulated) distribution company for the use of local power lines. 

Even with direct access to the basic raw materials, the refiners were slow to enter the field. Eventually, in the years leading up to World War II, the refiners began to perceive how their refining operations could be supplemented by petrochemical manufacture. By the start of world War II, they were beginning to compete m earnest with the chemical industiy in petrochemical synthetics markets. Between 1929 and 1941, the byproduct refinery gases consumed by both the chemical and petroleum industries for the purpose of manufacturing chemicals more than doubled, from 38.6 million barrels to 83.4 million barrels. 

Wlieli initially adopted, TOU rates were based on projections of future costs by season, month, day, or hour. However, advances in metering and communications technology now afford utilities the ability to transmit prices to customers based on actual operating costs and to read meters in real time. This realtime TOU pricing is one of the most important aspects of many of the restructuring efforts to date. They can provide customers with direct access to the prices arising in competitive electric markets. 

A guarded machine is an open machine in which all openings giving direct access to live metal or rotating parts (except smooth rotating surfaces) are limited in size by the structural parts or by screens, baffles, grilles, expanded metal, or other means to prevent accidental contact with hazardous parts. 

RECL returns record length in direct access file... 

NEXT REC returns number of next record in direct access file BLANK returns whether blanks or zeros specified... 

In most cases, the outboard bearings are not directly accessible and measurement points must be located on the compressor s casing. Extreme care must be taken to ensure proper positioning, A cross-sectional drawing facilitates selection of the best, most direct mechanical link to these bearings. 

The microprocessor should also be able to support modem communication with remote computers. This feature will enable multiple plant operation and direct access to third party diagnostic and analysis support. Data can be transferred anywhere in the world using this technique. Not all predictive maintenance systems use a true RS 232 communications protocol or support modem communications. These systems can severely limit the capabilities of your program. The various predictive maintenance techniques will add other specifications for an acceptable data acquisition unit. 

Section 1.9 showed that as long as an oxide layer remains adherent and continuous it can be expected to increase in thickness in conformity with one of a number of possible rate laws. This qualification of continuity is most important the direct access of oxidant to the metal by way of pores and cracks inevitably means an increase in oxidation rate, and often in a manner in which the lower rate is not regained. In common with other phase change reactions the volume of the solid phase alters during the course of oxidation it is the manner in which this change is accommodated which frequently determines whether the oxide will develop discontinuities. It is found, for example, that oxidation behaviour depends not only on time and temperature but also on specimen geometry, oxide strength and plasticity or even on specific environmental interactions such as volatilisation or dissolution. 

The lithosphere is the solid portion of the earth. We shall use the term to include the central core, though there remains controversy as to whether the core is solid or liquid. The lithosphere is a sphere of solid material about 4000 miles in radius. We have direct access to only a minute fraction of this immense ball. The deepest mine penetrates only two or three miles. The deepest oil wells are about five miles deep. 

Scheme 3b). It is instructive at this point to reiterate that the furan nucleus can be used in synthesis as a progenitor for a 1,4-dicarbonyl. Whereas the action of aqueous acid on a furan is known to provide direct access to a 1,4-dicarbonyl compound, exposure of a furan to an alcohol and an acid catalyst should result in the formation of a 1,4-diketal. Indeed, when a solution of intermediate 15 in benzene is treated with excess ethylene glycol, a catalytic amount of / ara-toluenesulfonic acid, and a trace of hydroquinone at reflux, bisethylene ketal 14 is formed in a yield of 71 %. The azeotropic removal of water provides a driving force for the ketalization reaction, and the presence of a trace of hydroquinone suppresses the formation of polymeric material. Through a Finkelstein reaction,14 the action of sodium iodide on primary bromide 14 results in the formation of primary iodide 23, a substance which is then treated, in crude form, with triphenylphosphine to give crystalline phosphonium iodide 24 in a yield of 93 % from 14.

Remarks also available-POLYMAT light as a version with less data for less costs with direct access to the full version via internet... 

The law was stated in this form by J. P. Joule in 1844 it is usually referred to as AVoestyn s law (1848). It shows that the carriers of heat in a solid compound are not the molecules of the latter, but the atoms of its constituent elements. Joule s law enables one to calculate the molecular heats of compounds from the atomic heats of their elements, and the atomic heats of elements in the solid state when the latter are not readily directly accessible (solid oxygen, from c(CaC03) — c-(Ca) — c(C) = 3c(0), or 100 X 0 203 — 6 4 — P8 = 3 X 4 0). 

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