Original research, reports

The scientific literature has become so immense that it is an impossible task for anyone, by reading the original research reports, to become familiar with the background and current status of more than a very limited field. Even in a narrow area, only a few scientists are sufficiently knowledgable and critical to be able to present the kind of review that will be most useful to others. 

While it is our intent to be comprehensive in our treatment of the topic, space limitation forces us to restrict our coverage to selected examples which will hopefully allow the reader to capture the most important aspects of current organomercury chemistry. Although the material used to write this chapter has been extracted from original research reports that have appeared in the last 10 years, we would like to direct the reader to a series of recent reviews which deal with some aspects of organomercury chemistry. 

Research articles of interest to biochemists may appear in many types of research journals. Research libraries do not have the funds necessary to subscribe to every journal, nor do scientists have the time to survey every current journal copy for articles of interest. Two publications that help scientists to keep up with published articles are Chemical Titles (published every 2 weeks by the American Chemical Society) and the weekly Current Contents available in hard copy and computer disks (published by the Institute of Science Information). The Life Science edition of Current Contents is the most useful for biochemists. The computer revolution has reached into the chemical and biochemical literature, and most college and university libraries now subscribe to computer bibliographic search services. One such service is STN International, the scientific and technical information network. This on-line system allows direct access to some of the world s largest scientific databases. The STN databases of most value to life scientists include BIOSIS Pre-views/RN (produced by Bio Sciences Information Service covers original research reports, reviews, and U.S. patents in biology and biomedicine), CA (produced by Chemical Abstracts service covers research reports in all areas of chemistry), MEDLINE, and MEDLARS (produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and Index Medicus, respectively cover all areas of biomedicine). These networks provide on-line service and their databases can be accessed from personal computers in the office, laboratory, or library. Some... 

The following quotation [from the original research report (81 )on the design of captopril] predicted the great promise of SBDD "The studies described above exemplify the great heuristic value of an active-site model in the design of inhibitors, even when such a model is a hypothetical one."... 

Original Research Reports. This source of information, which includes reports from both the laboratory and consultants, is frequently the most fruitful, since the... 

Consider conducting a literature search on an electronic database such as MEDLINE if the question relates to new developments in therapeutic options. In this case, health care professionals must consult primary literature. Dozens of electronic databases exist as primary sources of original research reports. 

Table I gives an overview of selected nitrogen systems thus far studied at high pressures and high or low temperatures by means of in situ DAC experiments. For each system, we list the initial molecular species loaded in the DAC, the range of pressures and temperatures examined, the data reported (R, IR, Opt, Dif, EC and NMR denote Raman, infrared, optical spectra, x-ray or neutron diffraction, electrical conductivity and magnetic nuclear resonance). We also indicate the phases observed, whether involving the initial molecular species (denoted by M) or a different species (denoted nonmolecular, NM, if not specifically identified) that becomes prominent at high P and T. The references cited include the original research reports that provide experimental data and most theoretical papers pertinent to these studies.

We are grateful to Mrs. U. Behrend for competent technical assistance and to Prof. O. Fennema and two unknown reviewers for critical and helpful comments. Original research reported in this paper was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 

The original research reported in this review was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The high-field NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker HX-270 supported in part by the National Institutes of Health Research Grant No. 1-P07-PR00798 from the Division of Research Resources. 

Includes contents of Biological Abstracts (BA) and Bioresearch Index (Biol) covering the life sciences from 1969. Literature selected must meet one of the following selection criteria original research reports in biological and biomedical... 

There are several recent reviews on the topic as well as a vast number of original research reports. Marcus (1981) in the Gmetin Handbook gives an authoritative overview on solution studies related to aqua complex formation the literature is covered up to 1978. Carnall (1979) in this Handbook covers approximately the same period, emphasizing spectroscopic studies. Since the late 1970 s a few additional reviews have appeared. Grenthe (1978) discusses briefly the thermodynamics and kinetics of R complex formation in aqueous solutions, while Williams (1982) focuses his review on the NMR methods and biological systems. The most comprehensive of the recent reviews is that of Lincoln (1987), which discusses the ligand substitution processes and includes data from nonaque-ous solutions. 

It is very unlikely that any further controlled exposures of humans to SM will take place because modern attitudes towards human volunteer studies would preclude them, now that SM is known to be a genotoxic carcinogen. This makes the original research reports of the studies that have been conducted an invaluable source of information that must be preserved to guide future work in animals and in vitro. It is to be hoped that more of the reports of human trials with SM and other chemical warfare agents will be made available for public review in the future. 

The "pH 5 rain in the Himalayas" refers to a research report concerned not with rain but with ice cores from Himalayan glaciers When glaciers form under enormous pressure they become supersaturated with carbon dioxide, much like soda pop. The mild acid this produces (carbonic acid) has nothing to do with the strong acids (sulfuric and nitric acids) that cause acid rain, a point that was made clear by the authors of the original research report. ... 

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