Samples pharmaceutical

Flow injection analysis has been applied to a wide variety of samples, including environmental, clinical, agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical samples. The majority of analyses to date involve environmental and clinical samples, which is the focus of this section. 

Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals, Sampling and Testing of In-Process Materials and Drug Products, (1998), CFR, Title 21, Part 211, Volume 4, Section 211.110. 

Ishihama et al. [147] have describe a rapid screening method for determining pK values of pharmaceutical samples by pressure-assisted CE, coupled with a photodiode array detector. Each CE run was completed in less than 1 min, so a 96-well microtiter plate could be measured in one day. Determinations of the pKa values of 82 drugs illustrated this interesting new method. 

Table 2 Various Types of Pharmaceutical Samples Investigated by Solid State NMR Spectroscopy...

In order to utilize TLC as a reliable technique, the sample must be readily soluble in organic solvents such as methanol, isopropanol, or mixtures of methanol and other additives such as ammonium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. For any type of quantitative testing to be done on a pharmaceutical sample, it must be soluble at a concentration of = 25 mg/ml. If sonication is necessary to disperse the sample, it may be used. The sample must also be stable in organic solvents for at least 1 h ideally. Validation testing should be conducted throughout the duration of this test to ensure the sample stays in solution, and does not degrade in the solvent of choice. 

Kelly White, pharmaceutical sampling technician, takes a sample of magnesium hydroxide from a drum of this strong base. Notice the extraordinary personal protective equipment and contamination protection. 

The most prominent field of applications for microchip—MS concerns identification and analysis of large molecules in the field of proteomics according to the reduced separation time compared to conventional approaches such as gel-based methods for protein analysis. High-throughput analyses, with lower contamination and disposability, are other features of microfabricated devices that allow the fast screening of proteomic samples in the clinical field. Applications also include the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds such as peptides or pharmaceutical samples. 

The samples used to construct the models should be similar to the production samples also, their spectra should be recorded in the same mode (reflectance, transmission or transflectance) as those for the samples to be subsequently predicted, and include all potential sources of variability. Although such sources are relatively limited - pharmaceutical samples usually have a well-defined qualitative and quantitative composition from raw material to end product, and production processes are solidly established and reproducible - their... 

In this section a variety of analytical separations reported in the literature are reviewed to show the wide structural diversity of eluite which can be separated by RPC and to assist the reader in becoming similar with the use of this fluid chromatographic technique. The descriptions are ar-ranged according to the matrix in which an analyte is found or the area of - h istry in which the samples are generally encountered. Thus theophylline, for example, is regarded as a nucleotide and, for the most part, its analysis in food samples is found with appropriate cross references. On the other hand, the separations of pharmaceuticals found in serum, urine, and pharmaceutical samples are cited separately. It is hoped that this method of classification may serve the purposes of those wh e analytical interests are incidental to their primary research pursuits. 

The percent moisture in a powdered pharmaceutical sample is determined by six repetitions of the Karl... 

Lichrosoib NH2 or x Bondapak NH2 Acetoni iile-benzene-H20 (16 4 1) H2O contains 0.01% Na2S205 and 0.01% (+)-aiaboascort)ic acid. Fluorescence excit 280 nm emission 450 nm. Rapid assay of chlorpromazine and products, in pharmaceutical sample. 203... 

Carmona et al. described a simple and rapid kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of procaine in pharmaceutical preparations [35]. The method was applied to the determination of the drug in various pharmaceutical samples. 

Since its approval by the FAD on 27 March 1998, it has been widely utilized and is available in 25, 50, and 100 mg tablets. Many techniques have been used to determine sildenafil citrate in pharmaceutical samples <2002TAL757, 2000JLC1377, 2003MI2897, 2001MI483>. A liquid chromatographic method to determine sildenafil in rat serum... 

Using the described extraction system, we developed methods of amino acid recovery from pharmaceutical samples and fermentation broth. Amino acids were extracted efficiently from the diluted solution of fermentation broth into [C4Cilm][PFg] in the presence of DC18C6 and may be well back-extracted by the alkaline aqueous solution (pH > 9). These methods served as a basis for the corresponding analytical procedures. 

Assuming NIR spectra have been recorded, once a set of pharmaceutical samples has been analyzed with high precision by some analytical reference method, the concentration of an analyte of interest clearly determined or the identity of a given... 

The main limitation of this model [6,14] is that it assumes that the measured response at a given sensor is due entirely to the constituents considered in the calibration step, whose spectra are included in the matrix of sensitivities, S. Hence, in the prediction step, the response of the unknown sample is decomposed only in the contributions that are found in S. If the response of the unknown contains some contributions from constituents that have not been included in S (in addition to background problems and baseline effects), biased predicted concentrations may be obtained, since the system will try to assign this signal to the components in S. For this reason, this model can only be used for systems of known qualitative composition (e.g. gas-phase spectroscopy, some process monitoring or pharmaceutical samples), in which the signal of all the pure constituents giving rise to a response can be known. For the same reason, CLS is not useful for mixtures where interaction between constituents or deviations from the Lambert-Beer law (nonlinear calibration curves) occur. 

Method Development Tools tor the Analysts of Complex Pharmaceutical Samples," Am. Lab. December 2002, p. 18.]... 

Gaudry and Ploux (180) summarized recent HPLC, TLC, GC, column chromatography, paper chromatography, and LC-mass spectrometry techniques for biotin in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Russell (44) reviewed a recent HPLC determination for biotin in royal jelly. 

Tables 17.1, 17.2 and 17.4 give a list of some vegetable tissue based and crude extract electrodes that have been prepared for analysis of several substrates in environmental, food and pharmaceutical samples. These tables also present the sample matrix, the tissue or crude extract used, the sensor, the range of determinable concentration, the LD, the response time and the stability and/or lifetime of the biosensor.

The determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples as well as the recoveries in pharmaceutical formulations have been studied. 

Williams, J. P., Lock, R., Patel, V. J., and Scrivens, J. H. (2006). Polarity switching accurate mass measurement of pharmaceutical samples using desorphon electrospray ionizabon and a dual ion source interfaced to an orthogonal acceleration hme-of-flight mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 78 7440-7445. 

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