Liquid production

Liquid products from coking are very unstable (high diene contents), very olefinic, and highly contaminated by sulfur and nitrogen. The production of gas is considerable. 

Liquid products must undergo hydrogen processing before joining equivalent crude oil fractions and continuing the normal process property improvement steps. 

Ethylene was known to chemists in the eigh teenth century and isolated in pure form in 1795 An early name for ethylene was gaz olefiant (French for oil forming gas ) to describe the fact that an oily liquid product is formed when two gases—ethylene and chlorine—react with each other... 

Temperature and Product Yields. Most oil shale retorting processes are carried out at ca 480°C to maximize liquid product yield. The effect of increasing retort temperature on product type from 480 to 870°C has been studied using an entrained bed retort (17). The oil yield decreased and the retort gas increased with increased retorting temperature the oil became more aromatic as temperature increased, and maximum yields of olefinic gases occurred at about 760°C. Effects of retorting temperatures on a distillate fraction (to 300°C) are given in Table 6. 

A 55 wt % fmctose symp is produced by a combination of enrichment and blending. Liquid products containing 80—95 wt % fmctose are also manufactured. Pure crystalline fmctose is produced in a dry form. 

Sanitizers. Spa and hot-tub sanitation is dominated by chlorine- and bromine-based disinfectants. Public spas and tubs usually employ automatic feeders, eg, CI2 gas feeders, to maintain a disinfectant residual. Private or residential spas and tubs can use automatic chemical feeding or generating devices, or they can be sanitized manually with granular or liquid products. The most widely used products for private spa and tub sanitation are sodium dichloroisocyanurate and bromochlorodimethylhydantoin. Granular products are normally added before and after use, whereas solids, eg, stick-bromine, are placed in skimmers or feeders. Bromine generating systems can also be used and are based on oxidation of bromide ions (added to the water as sodium bromide) by peroxymonosulfate, chloroisocyanurates, hypochlorites, or ozone to generate the disinfectant HOBr. 

Cost. The catalytically active component(s) in many supported catalysts are expensive metals. By using a catalyst in which the active component is but a very small fraction of the weight of the total catalyst, lower costs can be achieved. As an example, hydrogenation of an aromatic nucleus requires the use of rhenium, rhodium, or mthenium. This can be accomplished with as fittie as 0.5 wt % of the metal finely dispersed on alumina or activated carbon. Furthermore, it is almost always easier to recover the metal from a spent supported catalyst bed than to attempt to separate a finely divided metal from a liquid product stream. If recovery is efficient, the actual cost of the catalyst is the time value of the cost of the metal less processing expenses, assuming a nondeclining market value for the metal. Precious metals used in catalytic processes are often leased. 

Screw presses (Fig. 2) do not produce a clear liquid product. Frequendy, the product is further filtered in a filter press to give a clear Hquid product. Press aids are added to feed materials containing fine particles or particles that can deform and plug the slots in the edge of a screw press. Typical press aids include sawdust, rice hulls, perlite, and diatomaceous earth (see Diatomite). A vertical screw press is a continuous press that has been used for dewatering sewage sludge (2). 

Entrained liquids. Production of small droplets is inherent in the bubbling process, as shown by Fig. 14-90. Values range from near zero to 10,000/cm of vapor, depending on how the vapor breaks through the liquid and on the opportunity for evaporation of the small drops after entrainment. 

PACKAGING OF SOLID AND LIQUID PRODUCTS AND HANDLING OF PACKAGES... 

A sample of cracking catalyst in a fixed bed reactor is contacted with gas oil, an ASTM standard feed. Cracked liquid products are analyzed for unconverted material. Conversion is the difference between weight of feed and unconverted product. 

Loss of liquid product. Instead of the hydrocarbon burning in the regenerator, they could be recovered as liquid products. 

Only TTE is considered because it directly impacts the turboexpander s hydrocarbon extraction (liquid production), thereby directly... 

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