Fischer-Tropsch liquid products

Tijmensen MJA, Faaij APC, Hamelinck CN, van Hardeveld MRM. Exploration of the possibilities for production of Fischer Tropsch liquids and power via biomass gasification. Biomass Bioenergy. 2002 23(2) 129-52. 

Tri-Generation from Biomass and Residues Options for the Co-Production of Fischer-Tropsch Liquids, Electricity, and Heat... 

The production of Fischer-Tropsch liquids (diesel) is today the optimal route for producing energy carriers from biomass. The FT diesel is directly applicable in the existing infrastructure and is free from sulphur and aromatics in contrast to fossil diesel. For the demonstration of integrated systems ECN focuses on two lines of development (1) large-scale dedicated installations for imported biomass and (2) small- to medium scale installations for local biomass and residues. 

The Rectisol process, developed by Lurgi, is the most widely used physical solvent gas treating process in the world. More than 100 Rectisol units are in operation or under construction worldwide. Its most prevalent application is for deep sulfur removal from syngas that subsequently undergoes catalytic conversion to such products as ammonia, hydrogen, and Fischer-Tropsch liquids. 

Gasification to produce synthesis gas for the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG), ammonia, methanol, alcohol fuels, or Fischer-Tropsch liquids and gasoline via catalytic processes and... 

No mention was made that any lubricants produced from Fischer-Tropsch liquids were utilized. However, during the period 1943 to 1945, diesel fuel used by both the Navy and Army contained FT liquids. The FT diesel oil, most of which was obtained from the Miike Synthetic Oil Plant at Omuta, was utilized by the Navy by blending with 90% of Tarakan oil, to meet diesel fuel specifications. The Army used about 50% of the FT diesel oil production as fuel for diesel engines in tanks. 

Synfining A process for upgrading Fischer-Tropsch liquid hydrocarbons into middle distillate products such as synthetic diesel and jet fuels. Developed by Syntroleum Corp. since 1984. See also Bio-Synfining. 

Wright, M.M., Brown, R.C., Boateng, A. A., 2008. Distributed processing of biomass to bio-oil for subsequent production of Fischer—Tropsch liquids. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2 (3), 229—238. 

Fischer-Tropsch Waxes. Polymethylene wax [8002-74-2] production is based on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which is basicaHy the polymerisation of carbon monoxide under high pressure and over special catalysts to produce hydrocarbons (see Fuels, synthetic-liquid fuels). 

During the late seventies and early eighties, when oil prices rose after the 1973 war, extensive research was done to change coal to liquid hydrocarbons. However, coal-derived hydrocarbons were more expensive than crude oils. Another way to use coal is through gasification to a fuel gas mixture of CO and H2 (medium Btu gas). This gas mixture could be used as a fuel or as a synthesis gas mixture for the production of fuels and chemicals via a Fischer Tropsch synthesis route. This process is... 

The FTS was conducted at varying temperatures (from 483 to 513 K) over approximately 50 h of reaction time in order to investigate the reaction kinetics achieved with the respective catalysts. A typical conversion curve using the Co/ HB catalyst as an example is shown in Figure 2.3. After a short settling phase (caused by the pore filling of liquid Fischer-Tropsch products) of only about 4 h, steady-state conditions were reached. In the observed synthesis period of 50 h no deactivation of the catalysts was detected. However, industrially relevant experiments over several weeks are still outstanding. 

The most difficult problem to solve in the design of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor is its very high exothermicity combined with a high sensitivity of product selectivity to temperature. On an industrial scale, multitubular and bubble column reactors have been widely accepted for this highly exothermic reaction.6 In case of a fixed bed reactor, it is desirable that the catalyst particles are in the millimeter size range to avoid excessive pressure drops. During Fischer-Tropsch synthesis the catalyst pores are filled with liquid FT products (mainly waxes) that may result in a fundamental decrease of the reaction rate caused by pore diffusion processes. Post et al. showed that for catalyst particle diameters in excess of only about 1 mm, the catalyst activity is seriously limited by intraparticle diffusion in both iron and cobalt catalysts.1... 

Henry s law was also used to calculate the H2, CO, and H20 concentrations in the liquid Fischer-Tropsch products (wax) at the entrance of the pore (z = 0) ... 

Roberts, G. W., and Kilpatrick, P. K. 2001. Methods and apparatus for separating Fischer-Tropsch catalysts from liquid hydrocarbon product. U.S. Patent 6217830. 

In addition to the Fischer-Tropsch-derived material, coal-derived liquids were also recovered from low-temperature coal gasification (not shown in Figures 18.3 and 18.4). These products were processed separately to produce chemicals, such as phenols, cresols, and ammonia, as well as an aromatic motor gasoline blending stock.34 The latter was mixed with the Fischer-Tropsch-derived motor gasoline. 

The South African government initiated the Mossgas project in the mid-1980s to investigate the conversion of gas and associated natural gas liquids into transportation fuel. This eventually led to the construction of the Mossgas gas-to-liquids plant (presently known as PetroSA) in Mossel Bay, South Africa. It was designed as a 33,000 barrels per day oil equivalent facility, with two thirds of the production being derived from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the remainder from associated gas liquids. This facility reached full commercial production in 1993 and was aimed at the production of transportation fuel only.50... 

Diesel production involved a straightforward design. The olefinic distillate from olefin oligomerization was combined with the straight-run HTFT distillate and hydrotreated. The hydrotreated Fischer-Tropsch-derived distillate was blended with the distillate fraction from the natural gas liquids to produce diesel fuel. In 2003 another hydrotreater (noble metal catalyst) was added to the refinery to convert part of the hydrotreated HTFT distillate into low aromatic distillate to serve a niche market.56... 

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