Liquid acrylonitrile production

Pure acrylonitrile boils at 78°. Acrylonitrile vapour is highly toxic it should therefore be handled with due caution and all operations with it should be conducted in a fume cupboard provided with an efficient draught. Acrylonitrile forms an azeotropic mixture with water, b.p. 70-5° (12-5 per cent, water). The commercial product may contain tte polymer it should be redistilled before use and the fraction b.p. 76 -5-78° collected separately as a colourless liquid. 

Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid) is a colorless liquid (b.p. 25.6°C) that is miscible with water, producing a weakly acidic solution. It is a highly toxic compound, but a very useful chemical intermediate with high reactivity. It is used in the synthesis of acrylonitrile and adiponitrile, which are important monomers for plastic and synthetic fiber production. 

Acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide are hy-products that may he recovered for sale. Acetonitrile (CH3CN) is a high polarity aprotic solvent used in DNA synthesizers, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and electrochemistry. It is an important solvent for extracting butadiene from C4 streams. Table 8-1 shows the specifications of acrylonitrile, HCN, and acetonitrile. ... 

Other uses of thickening agents include pharmaceutical preparations, paper production, and oil well drilling fluids. This latter use is necessary because oil is obtained from rock that is porous. In order to remove the oil without altering the mechanical properties of the porous rock, viscous liquids ( drilling fluids ) are pumped into the rock to replace the oil. Among the substances that can be used for this purpose are thickened aqueous solutions of polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) or poly(acrylonitrile). 

Fig. 1. Process flow sheet for the continuous conversion of latex in a counterrotating, tangential twin-screw extruder as it might be arranged for the production of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (Nichols and Kheradi, 1982). Polystyrene (or styrene-acrylonitrile) melt is fed upstream of the reactor zone where the coagulation reaction takes place. Washing (countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction) and solids separation are conducted in zones immediately downstream of the reactor zone. The remainii zones are reserved for devolatilization and pumping.

The large demand for benzene is due to its use as a starting material in the production of polystyrene, acrylonitrile styrene butadiene rubber, nylons, polycarbonates and linear alkyl benzene detergent. All of these final chemical products that are suitable to form into consumer goods have multiple chemical transformations in various industrial processes to obtain them from benzene. Because the production of benzene does not involve a liquid adsorptive process on a zeolite, these processes are not described here but can be found in other sources. However, it is important to note that benzene is typically a large byproduct from an aromatics... 

Gel polymer lithium-ion batteries replace the conventional liquid electrolytes with an advanced polymer electrolyte membrane. These cells can be packed in lightweight plastic packages as they do not have any free electrolytes and they can be fabricated in any desired shape and size. They are now increasingly becoming an alternative to liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries, and several battery manufacturers. such as Sanyo. Sony, and Panasonic have started commercial production.Song et al. have recently reviewed the present state of gel-type polymer electrolyte technology for lithium-ion batteries. They focused on four plasticized systems, which have received particular attention from a practical viewpoint, i.e.. poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN). ° poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). - and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) based electrolytes. ... 

Chemical/Physical. Ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase yielded formaldehyde and the tentatively identified compound glyoxal, an epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide. The reported rate constant for the reaction of acrylonitrile and ozone in the gas phase is 1.38 x lO cm moFsec (Munshi et al., 1989). In the gas phase, cyanoethylene oxide was reported as an ozonolysis product... 

Polymaric plasticizars can ba mada by (1) Internal plasticization whoroby a monomor is copolymorizod with on which tends to yield soft polymers by itself (2) Mechanical mixing of a polymerizable monomer with a polymer, followed by polymerization (3) Mechanical blending of two compatible polymers. In many cases It Is necessary to combine the polymeric plasticizer with a liquid plasticizer because the compatibility of polymers with each other is generally limited. From the industrial polymeric plasticizers, especially polyesters of low degree of polymerization and several copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, acrylic add esters and fumaric add esters were studied. These polymeric plasticizers are characterized by good compatibility and improved cold resistance of the final product. 

Catalytic oxidation is the most important technology for the conversion of hydrocarbon feedstocks (olefins, aromatics and alkanes) to a variety of bulk industrial chemicals.1 In general, two types of processes are used heterogeneous, gas phase oxidation and homogeneous liquid phase oxidation. The former tend to involve supported metal or metal oxide catalysts e.g. in tne manufacture of ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride whilst the latter generally employ dissolved metal salts, e.g. in the production of terephthalic acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, phenol and propylene oxide. 

Use of the preformed Z-silyl enol ether 18 results in quite substantial anti/syn selectivity (19 20 up to 20 1), with enantiomeric purity of the anti adducts reaching 99%. The chiral PT-catalyst 12 (Schemes 4.6 and 4.7) proved just as efficient in the conjugate addition of the N-benzhydrylidene glycine tert-butyl ester (22, Scheme 4.8) to acrylonitrile, affording the Michael adduct 23 in 85% yield and 91% ee [10]. This primary product was converted in three steps to L-ornithine [10]. The O-allylated cinchonidine derivative 21 was used in the conjugate addition of 22 to methyl acrylate, ethyl vinyl ketone, and cydohexenone (Scheme 4.8) [12]. The Michael-adducts 24-26 were obtained with high enantiomeric excess and, for cydohexenone as acceptor, with a remarkable (25 1) ratio of diastereomers (26, Scheme 4.8). In the last examples solid (base)-liquid (reactants) phase-transfer was applied. 

Mercapturates are proving to be very useful phase II reaction products for measuring exposure to xenobiotics, especially because of the sensitive determination of these substances by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation, and fluorescence detection of their o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives. In addition to toluene, the xenobiotics for which mercapturates may be monitored include styrene, structurally similar to toluene acrylonitrile allyl chloride atrazine butadiene and epichlorohydrin. 

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