Liquid products solubility

Products with better water solubility and higher - HLB value may be obtained by ethoxylation (- alkoxylation). Such ethoxylates are also called polysorbates (PS) and are plastic or liquid products, soluble in water. 

In cases in which product solubility in the ionic liquid and the product s boiling point are high, the extraction of the product from the ionic liquid with an additional organic solvent is frequently proposed. This approach often suffers from some catalyst losses (due to some mutual solubility) and causes additional steps in the workup. Moreover, the use of an additional, volatile extraction solvent may nullify the green solvent motivation to use ionic liquids as nonvolatile solvents. 

Due to their favorable solubility, alkanesulfonates are preferred as surfactants in liquid products and concentrates. The recent trend to renewable resources has led to a somewhat reduced use in formulations of household detergents in past years. While some manufacturers have withdrawn these surfactants from, for example, manual dishwashing detergents, others did not. Besides many other industrial applications, alkanesulfonates are one of the most important emulsifiers in vinyl polymerization. 

Initially, the tank is charged with 25% of its volume with water and the appropriate amount of sanitiser. Products are introduced by adding a water-soluble sachet containing liquid or powder sanitisers or by adding a liquid product directly from a plastic bottle prefilled with the correct amount. This procedure accurately controls dosage rates and limits worker exposure. Products are diluted more than 400 times and are required to kill all pathogens within 15 minutes. 

The coammonolysis of CH3SiHCl2 and CH3(Un)SiCl2 in the indicated ratios was carried out by the procedure as described for the ammonolysis of CH3SiHCl2 [8]. A mixture of cyclic oligomeric silazanes is to be expected in these reactions, [(CH3(H)SiNH)x(CH3(Un)SiNH)y]n, with more than one ring size present. In each preparation, the soluble, liquid products were isolated and used in the base-catalyzed polymerizations. When a ratio CH3SiHCl2/CH3(Un)SiCl2 of x l (x>l) was used in the ammonolysis reaction, the CH3(H)Si/CH3(Un)Si ratio in the soluble ammonolysis product usually was somewhat less than x l. 

Figure 12 clearly shows the effect of iron sulfide content of the coal on total conversion and liquid product yield during hydrogenation. The conversion increased from about 52 per cent to 70 per cent using the hot-rod reactor with no added catalyst. The yield of toluene soluble product (oil plus asphaltene) increased from about 30 to 44 per cent with total sulfur increase from 1 to 6.5 per cent. Thus it would appear that iron sulfide can act catalytically in the dry hydrogenation reaction as well as in slurried reactions (15). 

The product workup consisted of continuously extracting the filter cake with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and combining the THF and filtrate to make up a sample for distillation. In some experiments the THF extracted filter cake was extracted with pyridine and the pyridine extract was included in the liquid products. Extraction with pyridine increased coal conversion to soluble products by an average of 1.6 weight percent. The hot filtrate-THF-pyridine extract was distilled. Distillation cuts were made to give the following fractions, THF (b.p. <100 C), light oil (b.p. 100-232 C), solvent (b.p. 232-482), and SRC (distillation residue, b.p. >482 C). 

The very first report on the use of ionic liquids as soluble supports was presented by Fraga-Dubreuil and Bazureau in 2001 [102]. The efficacy of a microwave-induced solvent-free Knoevenagel condensation of a formyl group on the ionic liquid (IL) phase with malonate derivatives (E1CH2E2) catalyzed by 2 mol% of piperidine was studied (Scheme 7.89). The progress of the reaction could be easily monitored by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the final products could be cleaved from the IL... 

The emission is very strongly dependent on the temperature. At 30°C the emission is about eight times the emission at 10°C. The reason for this strong dependency is not quite understood. The reaction of chlorine with caustic is enhanced, however, and this will result in lower caustic concentrations and also lower chlorine concentrations. The quantities of by-products formed, such as chlorite, will become higher as well as the amounts of decomposition products. Solubility in the liquid phase will decrease on increasing temperature but cannot account for the large variations in emission. 

Use carboxymethylcellulose only in small amount in unstructured liquid products, since it has low aqueous solubility. 

Supercritical fluids (SCFs) offer several advantages as reaction media for catalytic reactions. These advantages include the ability to manipulate the reaction environment through simple changes in pressure to enhance solubility of reactants and products, to eliminate interphase transport limitations, and to integrate reaction and separation unit operations. Benefits derived from the SCF phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (SCF-FTS) involve the gas-like diffusivities and liquid-like solubilities, which together combine the desirable features of the gas- and liquid-phase FT synthesis routes. 

The reduced product solubility in ionic liquids provides a convenient control of the reaction equilibrium favoring high product selectivity by limiting consumption of the product in consecutive reactions. The properties of ionic liquids can be specifically tailored to achieve this goal. 

A few comments on phenol Phenol is a monosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon. In its pure state, it exists as a colorless or white solid. This pure compound is mixed with water and commercially sold as a liquid product. Phenol gives off a sweet, acrid smell detectable to most people at 40 ppb in air and at about 1-8 ppm in water (EPA, 2002). It evaporates more slowly than water and is moderately soluble in water. Phenol is also combustible. 

Following these pioneer papers, about twenty years ago, examples of gas/solid systems using either entire cells or isolated enzymes were reported in the literature. These involved biocatalysts traditionally acting on liquid or soluble substrates but able to catalyze reactions at the solid/gas interface once the vaporization of substrates and products was possible. 

As well as demonstrating that solid/gas biocatalysis was possible with enzymes that usually act on liquid substrates, this system (compared to other non-conven-tional methods developed for overcoming problems in enzymatic catalysis such as substrate or product solubility or to permit modification of thermodynamic constraints) allows very precise control and independent variation of the thermodynamic activity of any substrate or other added component in the gaseous phase. 

Similarly, a water-soluble palladium complex of a sulfonated phenanthroline ligand catalyzed the highly selective aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols in an aqueous biphasic system in the absence of any organic solvent (Figure 1.8) [40]. The liquid product could be recovered by simple phase separation, and the aqueous phase, containing the catalyst, used with a fresh batch of alcohol substrate, affording a truly green method for the oxidation of alcohols. 

Preasphaltene, a heavy liquid product, is usually rich in polar functional groups, as they are sometimes called preasphaltol (76). Such groups still contain cations that limit their solubility and their removal from the catalyst surface. 

Environmental Protection. During the reduction of barite and the calcination of Sachtolith and lithopone, sulfur dioxide is liberated. This is removed from the waste gas in a purification stage which is based on the reversible, temperature-dependent solubility of sulfur dioxide in poly glycol. The absorbed sulfur dioxide can be recovered as a liquid product or as a raw material for sulfuric acid. Any soluble barium in the residue from the dissolution of the fused BaS is removed by treatment with... 

The attitude implied in most current publications restricts (or extends) the term solvent-free to the stoichiometric application of solid or liquid reagents, with less than a 10% excess of a liquid or soluble reagent and/or less than 10% of a liquid or soluble catalyst. It seems widely accepted in the field that solvents used for pre-adsorption of reagents to a support or for desorption, purification, and isolation of the products are not counted in solvent-free syntheses. On the other hand, photolysis of insoluble solids in (usually aqueous) suspensions undoubtedly qualifies for inclusion as a solvent-free technique, but not the taking up of reagents from a liquid for reaction with a suspended solid. 

The products are sold in powder form, as granules, or as flakes, and some dyes also as liquid brands. The liquid brands are highly concentrated solutions of fat-soluble dyes in aromatic hydrocarbons, in some cases also solvent-free 100% liquid products. 

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