Extractable hydrocarbon

UMATAC A process for extracting hydrocarbons from tar sands. The sand is heated in a rotating kiln in which the tar is thermally cracked. Developed in Calgary, Canada, in the 1970s by UMATAC Industrial Processes. It had not been commercialized byl984. 

The catalyst can be treated with a solvent to extract hydrocarbon deposits. The most straightforward solvent to use is isobutane, which has been shown to restore catalytic activity only partially. Supercritical solvents have been tested, but they also lead to only partial restoration of the activity. Supercritical alkylation to remove the deposits in situ has been shown in Section III.D.l to be less effective. It is unlikely that this method of operation will lead to a competitive process. 

The extraction procedure described in Procedure 12.1 can be used to extract hydrocarbons, gasoline, diesel, and various oils from soil when these contaminants are present in relatively high concentration. 

Soxhlet extraction, as described in Procedure 12.2 is usually carried out when relatively low levels of contamination are present. It has been used extensively to extract hydrocarbons and similar compounds from soil. 

Procedure 12.5 illustrates the use of sonication in extraction procedures. It has been used in the extraction of phenols, amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It has also been used to extract hydrocarbons from clay soils [8,9,17],... 

There is one case in environmental work where the methyl and methylene absorptions are useful and used. This is in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method for the determination of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPHs) in a soil or other extract. Here, a supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of a hydrocarbon-contaminated soil is made (EPA Method 3560). The extracted hydrocarbons are dissolved in... 

The data obtained by the analysis have become key remediation criteria and it is essential that the environmental analyst (and others who may use the data) be knowledgeable about the various analytical methods. It is also important to know that minor method deviations may be found from region to region. For example, in terms of nomenclature, itself a complex and often ill-defined area of petroleum science (Chapter 1) (Speight, 1999), the analytical methods may refer to total petroleum hydrocarbons as mineral oil, hydrocarbon oil, extractable hydrocarbon, and oil and grease. 

Immunoassay tests do not identify specific fuel types and are best used as screening tools. The tests are dependent on soil type and homogeneity. In particular, for clay and other cohesive soils, the tests are limited by a low capacity to extract hydrocarbons from the sample. 

Rather than quantifying a complex total petroleum hydrocarbon mixture as a single number, petroleum hydrocarbon fraction methods break the mixture into discrete hydrocarbon fractions, thus providing data that can be used in a risk assessment and in characterizing product type and compositional changes such as may occur during weathering (oxidation). The fractionation methods can be used to measure both volatile and extractable hydrocarbons. 

It is possible that the photoionization detector (1) may not be completely selective for aromatics and can lead to an overestimate of the more mobile and toxic aromatic content and (2) the results from the two analyses, purge-able and extractable hydrocarbons, can overlap in carbon number and cannot simply be added together to get a total concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

There have been a number of reports of the use of enzymes in the extraction of oils from sources such as fish, rape seed, yeast, palms, and soya beans. Celluloses and pectinases are used in pdm oil extraction. In soya bean and fish, much oil has been found to be associated with protein, so that addition of proteases increases the yield of oil and protein. Use of thermostable proteases is preferred, but m general the use of enzymes is limited by the minimal water contents of the various process streams. Trichoderma uride and A niger celluloses, hemicellulases and proteases have been used to extract hydrocarbons from Euphorbia plants 39 40) and similar enzymes used to extract sapogenins from Helleborus 41). 

Oil Gator is a chemically modified cellulosic fiber that promotes in sitn biodegradation of hydrocarbons. According to the manufacturer, when the fiber is moistened, the bacteria reproduce and adapt to the available hydrocarbon food source. Oil Gator also extracts hydrocarbons by adsorption. 

At the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona, a full-scale system removed over 700,000 lb of total volatile hydrocarbons (TVH) in a period of 21 months. The average cost was 0.14/lb (D17189V, p. 1). Table 1 displays this cost and the average treatment costs from S.A.V.E. demonstrations at other U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Air Force Bases. According to the vendor, higher costs represent lower influent total volatile hydrocarbon (TVH) concentrations and increased use of supplemental fuel as a result of decreasing extracted hydrocarbon concentrations (D17146K, p. 1). 

The developer notes that the technology can extract hydrocarbons from mixed sludge and metals from gravels, sands, and clay. According to the developer, the technology treats the following compounds ... 

The transportable Calocroma soil washing technology is an ex sitn process that nses continnons extraction with an unspecified extraction fluid to extract hydrocarbons and solvents from soils. 

A supercritical water POX technique can also be used to produce H2 for fuel cells. The solubility of supercritical water is more like high-pressure steam than water. Therefore, supercritical water can extract hydrocarbons or sulfur species of low volatility from catalyst pores in situ during a heterogeneous catalytic... 

We have also cited polyurethanes as a chemical species with profound and sometimes subtle effects on the environment. The abilities to extract hydrocarbons and to serve as a surface for the colonization of cells were discussed as examples. In later chapters, we will discuss how these rather subtle features are amplified to produce easily recognizable properties. 

Chemical Analysis. Preliminary attempts to extract hydrocarbon components from the anthraxolite by means of toluene were unsuccessful, even though several percent of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen are known to be present. Table III lists the elemental analysis of anthraxolite blended from five different nodules. Results were reproducible, and the deviation from 100% is thus thought to represent some systematic error. 

In this chapter the case of the oxygen isotopic composition of the Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman iron formation will be considered (Figure 3). This formation is underlain by shales of the Marra Mamba Formation that contain extractable hydrocarbon biomarkers generated before or during a peak regional metamorphic event 2,450-2,000 Ma (Brocks et al., 1999). It is unlikely that such labile material could have survived the pervasive fluid migration that would... 

Summons R. E., Powell T. G., and Boreham C. J. (1988b) Petroleum geology and geochemistry of the Middle Proterozoic McArthur Basin, northern Australia 111. Composition of extractable hydrocarbons. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1747-1763. 

It is interesting that a bituminous coal (Sample 4) gave organic acids qualitatively similar to those of lignite coal see Figure Id). Major identified compounds were p-hydroxybenzoic acid and two isomers of hydroxybenzenedicarboxylic acid, benzene di- and tricarboxylic acids. No ortho or meta isomer of hydroxybenzoic acid was detected. We have found that solvent-extractable hydrocarbons obtained from this raw coal consist mainly of n-alkanes (Cjj to 3 ). This is quite different from other results which showed that aromatic hydrocarbons were the major solvent-extractable material of several bituminous and anthracite coals (21). Indeed, petrographic analysis shows that this coal has a high content of sporinite (14.3 wt %) and a low content of vitrinite (30.2 wt %) (33). 

Extraction. Simard et al. (1) previously demonstrated that carbon tetrachloride quantitatively extracts hydrocarbons from refinery waste water. This solvent is advantageous to use because it is transparent to IR in the carbon-hydrogen absorption region of hydrocarbons thus the extract can be measured directly. To demonstrate the suitability of carbon tetrachloride in this method, numerous blends of hydrocarbons in ocean water at concentrations in the range of 5-20 ppb for 3-1. samples were extracted. 

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