Pyrolysis liquid products

Bridgwater, A. V. and Cottam, M. L., Opportunities for biomass pyrolysis liquids production and upgrading. Energy Fuels 1992, 6 (2), 113-120. 

In the pyrolysis liquid production, steam is not used. Hence, flue gas driers are preferred and assessed in most evaluations. Flue gas driers - drum driers or fluidised beds - are somewhat cheaper in investment but require a flue gas treatment after the dryer. The flue gas treatment most likely makes the investments about equal. In addition to a scrubber, or similar device, a wastewater treatment bas to be added. 

For comparison in this study, a steam drier is assumed. To create analogous conditions, this also implies that the pyrolysis liquid production is located where steam is available or at least low-pressure steam can be attributed a value. 

It must be emphasized that the equivalence in costs is based on the assumption that the pyrolysis unit as well as the pellet production is equipped with a steam dryer enabling sales of low-pressure steam. In practice, this is today the situation for several pellet manufacturers, whereas none of the pyrolysis processes has been evaluated with this condition. Hence, if the present pellet production were compared to proposed pyrolysis liquid production, the pellets would be advantageous by some 5-10 USD/MWh (pyrolysis liquid some 5 USD more expensive and the present pellets 5 -10 USD cheaper). 

Bridgwater AV and Cottam ML, "Costs and Opportunities for Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Production and Upgrading", Proc 6th conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and the Environment, Athens, (April 1991). 

Spince B. Zhurinsh A. Zandersons J. (1998) Chemical analysis of wood pyrolysis liquid products. Latvian Chemical Journal, 3, 92-5. (in Latvian)... 

Ligno-cellulosic biomass is a resource from which liquid hydrocarbon fuels potentially may be derived. Pyrolyzing the wood yields gas and liquid products, but a relatively large percentage of the original wood carbon can be lost to a low value char by-product. Furthermore, like the model oxygenates described above, the EHI of the pyrolysis liquid products is substantially less than 1. 

A pyrolysis technique was investigated as a method for the chemical recycling of glass fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester SMC composites. The proeess yielded liquid products and gases and also a solid residue formed in the pyrolysis of glass fibres and fillers. The solid residue was used as a reinforeement/filler in unsaturated polyester BMC composites, and the influenee on mechanical properties was studied in comparison with BMC prepared entirely from virgin materials. 

The beneficial effects are demonstrated of heterogeneous secondary pyrolysis reactions on the liquid products of PU pyrolysis. Pyrolysis volatiles are passed through a packed bed of carbonaceous solids that promote the secondary reactions. Activated carbon and reaction injection moulded PU (RIM) char were found to be suitable bed materials. The long-term object was to develop marketable solid products by pyrolysis of wastes, so obtaining high char yields. In addition to affecting the liquid products, RIM char also increased the total char... 

It is possible to produce some liquid hydrocarbons from most coals during conversion (pyrolysis and hydrogenation/ catalytic and via solvent refining)/ but the yield and hydrogen consumption required to achieve this yield can vary widely from coal to coal. The weight of data in the literature indicate that the liquid hydrocarbons are derived from the so-called reactive maceralS/ i.e. the vitrinites and exinites present (7 8 1 9). Thusf for coals of the same rank the yield of liquids during conversion would be expected to vary with the vitrinite plus exinite contents. This leads to the general question of effect of rank on the response of a vitrinite and on the yield of liquid products and/ in the context of Australian bituminous coals, where semi-fusinite is usually abundant/ of the role of this maceral in conversion. 

The first part of this paper has shown that Australian black and brown coals differ significantly in a number of respects from coals of similar ranks from North America and elsewhere in the northern hemisphere. The rest of the paper than proceeded to indicate the progress being made to determine how the characteristics of Australian coals influence their conversion to volatile and liquid products during pyrolysis and hydrogenation. 

Pyrolysis produces a liquid product called bio-oil, which is the basis of several processes for the development of fuels, chemicals, and materials. The reaction is endothermic ... 

Deoxygenation reactions are catalyzed by acids and the most studied are solid acids such as zeolites and days. Atutxa et al. [61] used a conical spouted bed reactor containing HZSM-5 and Lapas et al. [62] used ZSM-5 and USY zeolites in a circulating fluid bed to study catalytic pyrolysis (400-500 °C). They both observed excessive coke formation on the catalyst, and, compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis, a substantial increase in gaseous products (mainly C02 and CO) and water and a corresponding decrease in the organic liquid and char yield. The obtained liquid product was less corrosive and more stable than pyrolysis oil. 

Samolada, M.C., Baldauf, W., Vasalos, I.A., Production of bio-gasoline by upgrading biomass flash pyrolysis liquids via hydrogen processing and catalytic cracking, Fuel, 1998, 77, 1667. 

Besides fuel and power production, there is the opportunity of recovering chemicals from pyrolysis liquids (Fig. 7.5). Even if there is a wide range of specialties that can be extracted or derived, including food flavorings, resins, agrochemicals, fertilizers and emissions control agents, this application is likely to lie in niche markets. 

The main drawback with the thermochemical route for biomass utilization is the strong dependence on scale-up. To be competitive, the capacity has to be of the order of a small oil refinery (approx. 1 million tonnes per year), but there then exists the problem of the cost of transporting the biomass relatively long distances to this production capacity. Pyrolysis or related technologies ( flash or fast ) could transform biomass into liquid products that are more easily transported, and these liquid products could then be the input for a large, centralized... 

Giillii, D. 2003. Effect of catalyst on yield of liquid products from biomass via pyrolysis. Energy Sources 25 753-765. 

Catalytie synthesis from CO and Hj Natural gas Petroleum gas Distillation of liquid from eoal pyrolysis Catalytic synthesis from CO and Hj Distillation of liquid from wood pyrolysis Gaseous products from biomass gasification Synthetic gas from biomass and coal... 

The pyrolysis or carbonization of hardwoods, eg, beech, birch, or ash, in the manufacture of charcoal yields, in addition to gaseous and lighter liquid products, a by-product tar in ca 10 wt % yield. Dry distillation of softwoods, eg, pine species, for the production of the so-called DD (destructively distilled) turpentine yields pine tar as a by-product in about the same amount. Pine tar, also called Stockholm tar or Archangel tar, was at one time imported from the Baltic by European maritime countries for the treatment of cordage and ship hulls it was an important article of commerce from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The small amount produced in the late twentieth century is burned as a cmde fuel. Charcoal production from hardwoods, on the other hand, has increased in the 1990s years. 

It was found that the majority of the bromine was concentrated in the carbon residue and while majority of the nitrogen accumulates in the liquid products irrespective of degradation conditions (134). Besides a large amount of styrene and benzene derivatives the pyrolysis oils contained around 1000 ppm of nitrogen, 1000-4000 ppm bromine, 5000-5200 ppm chlorine and 800-1300 ppm oxygen (135). 

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