Liquids, domestic production

Despite this exclusion, the refining industry has come under considerable strain because of several important factors and changes in the industry. Over the years, there has been an increased demand for petroleum products and a decrease in domestic production. However, there has been no new major refinery construction in the United States in the last three decades. This lack of infrastructure growth has caused a strain on the industry in meeting existing demand and has resulted in an increase in the amount of petroleum imports to meet the increasing need for liquid fuel. 

There are many predictions of petroleum resource and supply models and many of these predictions have failed (Linden, 1998). However, the reality is that the United States is one of the largest importers of petroleum since domestic production is only about 64% of what it was in 1975. Domestic production of crude oil has fallen from approximately 10,000,000 barrels a day in 1975 to 6,400,000 at the end of 1998. At the same time, the total daily imports of foreign crude oil and products into the United States at the end of 1998 was approximately 10,000,000 barrels. Thus, imported crude oil and products represent approximately 61% of the daily crude oil requirements in the United States (Oil Gas Journal, 1998 Pellegrino, 1998). These data do not include liquids produced... 

As shown in Figure 1, domestic production of crude oil and natural gas liquids appears to be leveling oflF in this country at slightly over 11 million barrels per day (MM bbl/day) and this may even be considered a slightly optimistic projection. Unless present finding and development rates are accelerated, production will soon begin to decline. 

In the late 1940s cationic surfactants were widely used as finishing agents in commercial laundries. The multifarious benefits they delivered — improvement in feel, pleasant scent, and static control — attracted much interest for developing a new line of household products. The first cationic-based liquid rinse products for domestic use appeared in local markets in the U.S. in 1955, and were nationally launched in 1957 [4],... 

The US imports large amounts of canola oil from Canada in addition to some domestic production. Currently, about 90% of the canola oil is consumed in liquid form as salad oil and in salad dressings. This is a direct result of the emphasis on consuming oils which are low in saturated fatty acids and canola oil is lowest in saturated fat among vegetable oils. Canola oil is also being used in blended salad oils to achieve certain fatty acid profiles, as mentioned earlier. The relatively high use of canola oil in the US is remarkable, since none was used before 1983. 

Fuel Oil - Any liquid petroleum product burned for the generation of heat in a furnace or firebox, or for the generation of power in an engine. Domestic (residential) heating fuels are classed as Nos. 1, 2, 3 Industrial fuels as Nos. 4, 5, and 6. 

Domestic production of liquid fuels ftom coal in Germany Hydrogenation of coal (Bergius-Pier process) 3.5 (13 plants) 40... 

Benzoic acid can be produced by the liquid phase oxidation of toluene using a catalyst such as cobalt or manganese. Domestic production of benzoic acid was about 100 million lb in 1990. Of this amount, about one-half went to make phenol or phenolic derivatives. Other uses are in the synthesis of caprolactam and terephthalic acid, and as food additive, and as a plasticizer and resin intermediate. 

It IS expected that production of coal-derived pitches, liquids, and chemicals will take on a more important role in the future. This is of some strategic concern to the United States, where the demand for domestic petroleum is greater than the supply. Moreover, the quality of imported petroleum cmdes is declinmg in that they contain increasing amounts of contarmnant metals and sulfur... 

In the United States, in particular, recent legislation has mandated sweeping improvements to urban air quality by limiting mobile source emissions and by promoting cleaner fuels. The new laws require commercial and government fleets to purchase a substantial number of vehicles powered by an alternative fuel, such as natural gas, propane, electricity, methanol or ethanol. However, natural gas is usually preferred because of its lower cost and lower emissions compared with the other available alternative gas or liquid fuels. Even when compared with electricity, it has been shown that the full fuel cycle emissions, including those from production, conversion, and transportation of the fuel, are lower for an NGV [2]. Natural gas vehicles offer other advantages as well. Where natural gas is abundantly available as a domestic resource, increased use... 

Initially a molten tube of plastic called the Parison is extruded through an annular die. A mould then closes round the parison and a jet of gas inflates it to take up the shape of the mould. This is illustrated in Fig. 4.21(a). Although this process is principally used for the production of bottles (for washing-up liquid, disinfectant, soft drinks, etc.) it is not restricted to small hollow articles. Domestic cold water storage tanks, large storage drums and 2(X)... 

United States and the world (Figure 1), despite perceptions that it has been replaced by other sources. In 1997 production ofboth coal (23.2 quadrillion Btus, or about 4.6 billion barrels of oil) and natural gas (19.5 quadrillion Btus, or about 3.9 billion barrels of oil) on an energy equivalent basis exceeded U.S. domestic oil production (13.6 quadrillion Btus, equivalent to about 2.7 billion barrels, or 3.1 billion barrels of oil if natural gas liquids are included). Coal production in the United States nearly doubled from 1970 to 2000 (from about 600 million tons to about 1 billion tons produced annually). Meanwhile, petroleum consumption at 18.6 million barrels of oil per day is near the all-time high of 18.8 million barrels of oil per day in 1978. Net U.S. petroleum imports (8.9 million barrels of oil per day) in 1997 were worth 67 billion and exceeded U.S. petroleum production (8.3 million... 

Production of natural gas also has been increasing. World production of dry gas rose from sixty-six trillion cubic feet in 1987 to eighty-two trillion cubic feet in 1996. U.S. domestic di y gas production rose from seventeen trillion cubic feet in 1987 to nineteen trillion cubic feet in 1996, and the nation imported an additional three trillion cubic feet in 1996 to meet demand. Dry natural gas is produced from wellhead gas by removing most of the hydrocarbons hcarncr than methane. These heavy components, which tend to liquefy from the wellhead gas, are added as natural gas liquids to the oil supply and appear in the crude oil statistics. 

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