Liquid products from pyrolysis

Saxby J.D. and Sato S. (1990). Liquid Products From Pyrolysis of Synthetic and Natural Blends of Australian Low Rank Oil Shales and Lignites. Fuel 69, pp. 1109-1112... 

The first part of this paper has shown that Australian black and brown coals differ significantly in a number of respects from coals of similar ranks from North America and elsewhere in the northern hemisphere. The rest of the paper than proceeded to indicate the progress being made to determine how the characteristics of Australian coals influence their conversion to volatile and liquid products during pyrolysis and hydrogenation. 

Giillii, D. 2003. Effect of catalyst on yield of liquid products from biomass via pyrolysis. Energy Sources 25 753-765. 

In the series described thus far, it was found that the degradation of waste plastics proceeds efficiently by both thermal pyrolysis and hydrolysis in a steam atmosphere. A wax and carbonaceous residue produced by the hydrolysis of PET are decomposed by reaction with steam over an FeOOH catalyst, the activity of which remains stable in a steam atmosphere. However, the liquid product from generated from the process mentioned above contains a large amount of heavy oil, as shown in Figure 6.10. Both catalysts and chemical processes are required for efficiently upgrading the quality of the heavy oil. 

LIQUID FUELS FROM PYROLYSIS 4.2.1 Pyrolysis Products of PS... 

While all pyrolysis oil production reactor systems produce similar materials, each reactor produces a unique compound slate. The first decision, especially for a potential chemical or fuel producer, rather than a reactor developer, is to determine what products to make and which reactor system to use. The operating parameters of any reactor system designed to produce pyrolysis oil, especially temperature, can be altered to change the pyrolysis oil product composition and yield. Different feedstocks will produce different pyrolysis oil compositions and by-products, e.g. amorphous silica from rice hulls or rice straw, fatty acids from pine. Finally, feedstock pretreatment and/or catalysis, or reactor-bed catalysis can be used to improve specific product yields (7). Reactor system developers need to examine what they can produce and make this information available to chemical manufacturers and suppliers/owners of biomass feedstocks. This assumes that analysis of die entire liquid product from thermal conversion can be made, including quantitative analysis for any compounds that are being considered for recoveiy. Physical characterization - pH, viscosity, solids content, etc.is also needed. However, what can be produced is of no value, if it cannot be recovered or used economically. This involves examining the trade-offs between yield and current commercial value, recovery costs, and potential commercial value,... 

Elliott, D.C., Wang, H., French, R., Deutch, S., lisa, K., 2014. Hydrocarbon liquid production from biomass via hot-vapor filtered fast pyrolysis and catalytic hydroprocessing of the biooil. Energy Fuels 28, 5909—5917. 

Liquid Fuels. Liquid fuels can be obtained as by-products of low temperature carbonization by pyrolysis, solvent refining, or extraction and gasification followed by catalytic conversion of either the coal or the products from the coal. A continuing iaterest ia Hquid fuels has produced activity ia each of these areas (44—46). However, because cmde oil prices have historically remained below the price at which synthetic fuels can be produced, commercialization awaits an economic reversal. 

A pyrolysis technique was investigated as a method for the chemical recycling of glass fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester SMC composites. The proeess yielded liquid products and gases and also a solid residue formed in the pyrolysis of glass fibres and fillers. The solid residue was used as a reinforeement/filler in unsaturated polyester BMC composites, and the influenee on mechanical properties was studied in comparison with BMC prepared entirely from virgin materials. 

It is possible to produce some liquid hydrocarbons from most coals during conversion (pyrolysis and hydrogenation/ catalytic and via solvent refining)/ but the yield and hydrogen consumption required to achieve this yield can vary widely from coal to coal. The weight of data in the literature indicate that the liquid hydrocarbons are derived from the so-called reactive maceralS/ i.e. the vitrinites and exinites present (7 8 1 9). Thusf for coals of the same rank the yield of liquids during conversion would be expected to vary with the vitrinite plus exinite contents. This leads to the general question of effect of rank on the response of a vitrinite and on the yield of liquid products and/ in the context of Australian bituminous coals, where semi-fusinite is usually abundant/ of the role of this maceral in conversion. 

Conversion from coal to natural gas. Sasol 1 was designed as a coal-to-liquids facility. A natural gas pipeline was constructed and commissioned in 2004. This allowed the Sasol 1 facility to be converted to a gas-to-liquids plant. Although it implied that the associated coal tar refinery would become redundant, the decision was made by Sasol to keep the coal-to-chemicals units at Sasol 1 in operation by supplying coal pyrolysis products from its larger CTL facility in Secunda. 

Besides fuel and power production, there is the opportunity of recovering chemicals from pyrolysis liquids (Fig. 7.5). Even if there is a wide range of specialties that can be extracted or derived, including food flavorings, resins, agrochemicals, fertilizers and emissions control agents, this application is likely to lie in niche markets. 

Catalytie synthesis from CO and Hj Natural gas Petroleum gas Distillation of liquid from eoal pyrolysis Catalytic synthesis from CO and Hj Distillation of liquid from wood pyrolysis Gaseous products from biomass gasification Synthetic gas from biomass and coal... 

A modification of the pyrolysis process, developed by Hoppe-Seyler in 1871, involved the addition of water and alkali to biomass which was converted into oil, gas, water-soluble components, and carbonaceous material. " The addition of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the liquefaction process allowed the production of liquid fuels from biomass. Asphalt substitutes have also been prepared from biomass under liquefaction conditions. ... 

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