Liquid cosmetic products

L. Gagliardi, D. De Orsi, M.R. Del Giudice, F. Gatta, R. Porra, P. Chimenti and D. Tonelli, Development of a tandem thin-layer high-performance liquid chromatography method for the identification and determination of corticosteroids in cosmetic products. Anal. Chim. Acta 457 (2002) 187-198. 

Sorbitan oleate and the monolaurate are pale yellow liquids. Palmitates and stearates are light tan solids. Sorbitan esters are not soluble in water but dissolve in a wide range of mineral and vegetable oils. They are lipophilic emulsifiers, solubilizers, softeners, and fiber lubricants that find application in synthetic fiber manufacture, textile processing, and cosmetic products. Sorbitan esters have been approved for human ingestion and are widely used as emulsifiers and solubilizers in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. 

JW Wegener, JC Klamer, H Govers, UAT Brinkman. Determination of organic colorants in cosmetic products by high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatogr 24 865-875, 1987. 

Glycerol is a hygroscopic, nonvolatile, and viscous substance that shows special benefit as a humect-ant in comparison to liquid and crystalline polyols. Glycerol has been used as an effective moisturizer and humectant in cosmetic products and is recognized as an over-the-counter skin protectant.73... 

Citric acid is used in soft drinks, candies, wines, desserts, jellies, jams, as an antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables, and as an emulsifier in cheese. As the most versatile food acidulant, citric acid accounts for about 70 percent of the total food acidulant market. It provides effervescence by combining the citric acid with a biocarbonate/carbonate source to form carbon dioxide. Citric acid and its salts are also used in blood anticoagulants to chelate calcium, block blood clotting, and buffer the blood. Citric acid is contained in various cosmetic products such as hair shampoos, rinses, lotions, creams, and toothpastes. More recently, citric acid has been used for metal cleaning, substituted for phosphate in detergents, for secondary oil recovery, and as a buffer/absorber in stack gas desulfurization. The use of sodium citrate in heavy-duty liquid laundry detergent formulations has resulted in a rapid increase in the use of citric acid. 

Ghassempour, A. et al. Monitoring of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetic products by ion-pair complex liquid chromatography and identification with negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 2008, 1185,43-48. 

Katata, L., Nagaraju, V., and Crouch, A.M. Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid and iminodisuccinic acid in cosmetic products by capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 579, 177-184. 

When gases that are somewhat soluble in a liquid concentrate are used, both concentrate and dissolved gas are expelled. The dissolved gas then tends to escape into the atmosphere, dispersing the liquid into fine particles. The pressure within the container decreases as the product is dispersed because the volume occupied by the gas increases. Some of the gas then comes out of solution, partially restoring the original pressure. This type of soluble compressed gas system has been used for whipped creams and toppings and is ideal for use with antistick cooking oil sprays. It is also used for household and cosmetic products either where hydrocarbon propellants cannot be used or where hydrocarbons are undesirable. 

In the home, fonnaldehyde sources include household chemicals, pressed wood products (especially when new) (EPA 1996), combustion sources (NRC 1986), and some new fabrics (Schorr et al. 1974) and garments. A number of common household products may release formaldehyde to indoor air, including antiseptics, medicines, dish-washing liquids, fabric softeners, shoe-care agents, carpet cleaners, glues, adhesives, and lacquers (Kelly et al. 1996). If children use or play with some of these products, or are present when they are used, additional exposure to formaldehyde may occur. Many cosmetic products contain formaldehyde and some, such as nail polish and nail hardeners, contain high levels (Kelly et al. 1996). If children place these products in their mouth or on their skin, or sniff them, they will be exposed to elevated levels of formaldehyde. 

Scalia S, Games DE. Determination of parabens in cosmetic products by supercritical-fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 1992 117 839-841. 

There are a number of laboratory tests used by formulators to evaluate the various aspects of liquid hand soap or shower gel products. These include the evaluation of physical properties and various performance attributes. To validate the design of the product, consumer tests are usually necessary. Barel et al. [5] present an extensive and detailed discussion of various test methods and performance evaluations for cosmetic products. Most of these test methods also apply to liquid hand soap and shower gel. 

As consumers continue to look for more and more experiential and therapeutic benefits from bath products, liquid soap and body wash products will continue to incorporate more and more of these benefits to satisfy such demands in the future. The future trend is to bring the benefits that are currently being delivered by high-end cosmetic products to bath and shower products, for the well being of body and mind. 

Some 2,000—3,000 t/yr of these specialty alcohols are produced in the United States (Exxon) and in Germany (Henkel) (28). Their high liquidity because of branching permits use of less volatile, higher molecular weight materials, reported to be less irritating than the lower molecular weight linear alcohol materials, in a variety of cosmetic products (29). 

Di- -butyl phthalate is a colorless to faint yellow oily liquid that is not found naturally in the environment. It has a slightly ester smell and a strong, bitter taste. It has moderately low solubility in water, but is quite soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, benzene, and acetone. Di- -butyl phthalate is used in plastics to make them more flexible, and is found in a number of consumer products, including home furnishings, paints, clothing, and cosmetic products. More than 8,500 tons (17 million pounds) of di- -butyl phthalate was produced in the United States in 1994 by a number of companies in various locations. 

Products and Uses An active ingredient in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, caustic sodas, lye, black olives, brandy, margarine, meat food products, poultry products, wine spirit (brandies, sherries, and so on). Added to hair processing (straightening) products, cuticle removers, and shaving cream products. It is an emulsifier in liquid cosmetics. 

Labat L., Kummer E., DaUet P., Dubost J.P., Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of parabens in a cosmetic product. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 23, 763-769 (2000). 

Some cosmetic products are in the form of microemulsion gels. This name has emanated from the cosmetics industry from a colloidal viewpoint these gels are liquid crystals with cubic or hexagonal symmetry. The liquid crystalline structures per se are not the subject of this chapter reviews in that area are readily available [1-4]. 

Microemulsion gels are usually based on nonionic ethoxylated ether surfactants based on oleyl, lauryl, or isocetyl alcohol either alone or in combination with ethoxylated phosphate esters. Long hexagonal liquid crystalline structures present in the gel can vibrate when the container is tapped, resulting in a ringing gel [18], Table 10 presents a versatile ringing gel microemulsion base formula from ICI [16] for three clear cosmetic products. 

We will define a dispersed system as a fluid consisting of one or more internal phases, suspended in a liquid (aqueous or organic), external phase. In this sense, we may distinguish suspensions, which consist of one or more solid phases suspended in a liquid, and emulsions, which are one or more liquid pha.ses. dispersed in an immiscible liquid. Mixed solids and liquid suspended phases may also be pre.sent, as is the case of many food and cosmetic product,s. 

KESSCO PGML E PROPYLENE GLYCOL LAURATE Liquid Emdlient and auxiliary emulsifier. Imparts a soft, velvety feel to cosmetic products. 

Because ether sulfates are good foam-forming substances and also possess good solubilities in hard water they are used in many liquid formulations. In particular, they are used in cosmetic products like body cleansing lotions, shampoos and shower gels. They are also part of many liquid household cleaners and dishwashing agents. 

In some cases, solvents do remain in the final product One sueh example oeeurs in the preparation of liquid vanillin composition used in food and cosmetics production. The preparation of such a solution is complex. The solution must be pourable at room temperature, have high solids concentration (50-70%), be mechanically and chemically stable, be easy to dilute, be transparent, be stable to bacteria, and inexpensive. The solvents include water, ethanol, and propylene glycol. Polymeric liquid crystals are prepared by dispersing polysaccharide in water. These liquid crystals arc used for perfumes. Xanthan gum is also in use for thickening cosmetics. ... 

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