Product withdrawal ammonia liquid

For example, a secondary alcohol of an average molecular weight of 202, containing 12—14 carbon atoms, is introduced into a reaction tube packed with a cobalt promoted zirconium catalyst on alumina at a rate of 60 mL/h along with liquid ammonia (90 mL/h) and hydrogen (5 L/h) to produce an amine mixture composed of 92.2% primary amine, 2.15% secondary and tertiary amines, and 5.7% unreacted alcohol (52). The reaction, at 180-190 0 and 24 MPa ( 5 3500 psig), is run by withdrawing the liquid reaction product from the bottom of the reactor. 

Birch reduction is a partial reduction of aromatic compounds by electron transfer from dissolving metals—usually Na in liquid ammonia or Li in ethylamine—in the presence of a weak proton donor—usually an alcohol. The reaction behaves as if dianion (30) were an intermediate, giving non-conjugated dienes (31). Electron-donating substituents repel the anions (32) to give products like (33). whilst electron-withdrawing substituents attract the anions (34), to give products like (35). 

TTHE REACTION OF benzene or one of its derivatives with an alkali metal in liquid ammonia containing an alcohol cosolvent is known as the Birch reduction (1-6). As expected with anionic intermediates, 1-substituted-1,4-dihydro products result from electron-withdrawing groups, and 2,5-dihydro products result from electron-donating groups, as shown in Scheme I. Application of these conditions to polynuclear aromatic compounds produces complications because the products formed initially are subject to reduction under the reaction conditions (3). Although methods such as the use of iron salts minimize side reactions, more recently developed procedures avoid... 

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