Biochemical catalytic production liquids

In addition to the discussed Br0nsted or Lewis superacidic activation in solution chemistry, there have been reports to suggest that superelec-trophilic species can be formed with solid acids, and even in biochemical systems. For example, Sommer and co-workers have found several examples in which HUSY zeolite has exhibited catalytic activity similar to liquid superacids (eqs 33-34).12 In the same study, the perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid Nafion-H (SAC-13) was found to give products consistent with the formation of the superelectrophile (36, eq 35). 

This review paper is concentrated on problems in scaling-up multiphase catalytic fixed bed reactors such as trickle-bed or packed bubble column reactors, in which two fluid phases (gas and liquid) pass concurrently through a bed of solid (usually porous) catalyst particles. These types of reactors are widely used in chemical and petrochemical industry as well as in biotechnology and waste water treatment. Typical processes are the hydrodesulphurization of petroleum fractions, the butinediol syntheses in the Reppe process for synthetic rubber, the anthrachinon/hydrochinon process for H202 production, biochemical processes with fixed enzymes or the oxidative treatment of waste water under pressure. 

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