Linoleum production

The oil is used in dietary nutrition as salad oil and industrially in - coatings and in - linoleum production. The fatty acids gained by - hydrolysis are used in non yellowing - alkyd resins. 

There are, however, certain materials used as ingredients in the manufacture of plastics, which almost invariably give a corrosive product. Included in this category are wood, which is frequently used as a filler or as part of a composite drying oils, used in paints, adhesives, jointing compounds and linoleum and esters of volatile acids frequently retained in certain cold setting formulations, especially some paints. ... 

The use of oleochemicals in polymers has a long tradition. One can differentiate between the use as polymer materials, such as linseed oil and soybean oil as drying oils, polymer stabilizers and additives, such as epoxidized soybean oil as plasticizer, and building blocks for polymers, such as dicarboxylic acids for polyesters or polyamides (Table 4.2) [7]. Considering the total market for polymers of ca. 150 million tonnes in 1997 the share of oleochemical based products is relatively small - or, in other terms, the potential for these products is very high. Without doubt there is still a trend in the use of naturally derived materials for polymer applications, especially in niche markets. As an example, the demand for linseed oil for the production of linoleum has increased from 10000 tonnes in 1975 to 50 000 tonnes in 1998 (coming from 120000 tonnes in 1960 ) [8a]. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as a plastic additive has a relatively stable market of ca. 100000 tonnes year-1 [8b]. 

Bykov AS (1973) Production of PVC Linoleum. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow... 

The relevance of this chemistry is demonstrated by the sensory impressions of linseed-oil based linoleum. Jensen, Wolkoff and Wilkins (1995) studied the autooxidation products emitted from linoleum and identified saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and fatty acids. An odor evaluation of the identified 2-alkenals and the fatty acids as contributing most to odor intensity (Jensen, Wolkoff and Wilkins, 1995), although many odorous products may not be quantified by traditional analytical methods (Knudsen et al., 2007) Knudsen et al. (2007) showed that linseed oil based products exhibited a more negative sensory perception than similar product not containing linseed oil, and that the negative perception persisted for at least a year. 

General-Purpose Cleaners. These are products which can be used for a variety of household applications including spray or bucket cleaners to be used to wash walls, woodwork, porcelain, linoleum, etc. These products generally contain much smaller amounts of active, as they are to be used in a more concentrated form for eventual dilution with water in actual application. These products can contain 5 to 10 percent nonionic in the total liquid and may also contain TKPP as well as certain solvents such as ethylene glycol mono n-butyl ether. The general choice of products for this application would be the standard to alcohols... 

Despite the general move towards use of fossil hydrocarbon feedstocks, some plant-derived materials have continued to provide economic or technical benefits that ensure they remain the preferred source of raw materials for industry. For example, cotton still accounts for 38% of all textile production due to its airflow- and temperature-regulating capabilities, which are difficult or costly to replicate with man-made fibres. Linseed oil remains a key feedstock in surface coating and linoleum flooring applications. Plant oils are still widely used in the oleochemicals sector, where coconut and palm oils are widely used in detergent... 

The year before, some twenty firms using hempseed oil in products such as soap, paint and linoleum had imported more than 30,000 tons of seeds, which became contraband under the new law because they could be used to grow plants. The only exception allowed was for sterilized seed for the birdseed industry, then producing four million pounds annually. Industry lobbyists maintained that birds deprived of Cannabis seeds would not sing. 

Mineralorganic material-filled thermoplast compositions are used in production of linoleum floor covering [12] sheets for filling cooling tower sprayers [79] technical casings, furniture fittings, etc. 

Different varieties of flax Linum usitatissimum) are grown for fiber and for oil. Linseed oil is well known as one of the most unsaturated vegetable oils, resulting from its high level of linolenic acid (50-60%, Table 4). As a consequence of this, it oxidizes and polymerizes very readily and is used in paints, varnishes, and inks, in the production of linoleum, and as a sealant for concrete. These uses diminished with the appearance of alternative petroleum-based products, but the natural oil is coming back into favor on environmental grounds (33). 

Many species in the Europhorbiaceae and Labiatae families produce seeds with a high content of oil and contribution of hnolenic acid of up to 76% (1). Flaxseed has been used for years in the production of paints, varnishes, inks, and linoleum. In food applications, flaxseed is more often used than oil because of its better stability and because of the presence of fiber, lignans, and a-linolenic acid (ALA), which have health benefits. Cold pressed flaxseed oil is not considered suitable for deep-frying, although Chinese use it in stir-frying (2). In this chapter, oilseeds of flax, perilla, camelina, and chia are discussed as sources of oils with elevated content of ALA. These oilseeds are produced in industrial quantities and can be considered as potential sources of new oils with specific nutritional and functional properties. 

Resins used as water repellants, stiffeners, or wrinkle resistors Paper products Paper towels Grocery bags Waxed paper Permanent press clothing Carpeting Linoleum Plastics Drapery... 

Iler (22, 23) described typical formulations with Carnuba wax, which is dispersed in water containing colloidal silica, a fatty acid like oleic acid, triethanolamine, and potassium hydroxide. This composition can then be applied, for example, as a thin coating to linoleum floor. The product forms a lustrous coating without rubbing while providing a slip resistance. 

FLEC measurements of a complaint case of malodorous linoleum showed that wetting of the material increased the emission of, e.g., odorous fatty acids. (Wolkoff et al., 1995). The impact of humidity has also been investigated for other building products (Wolkoff, 1996b). In this article, the impact of temperature, nitrogen instead of air and air velocity in the FLEC have also been investigated for VOCs with low human odor thresholds. 

Materials produced from natural oils by oxidative polymerization reactions, e.g. binding agents in linoleum mats, will under the effects of moisture produce and emit degradation products such as fatty acids, higher aldehydes, and alcohols. 

New linoleums are often odorous materials because of emitted hexanal, propanoic acid and nonanal (Jensen et al., 1995), but emissions from linoleums in use for several years still cause odor problems. The emissions of linoleums in chemical terms are given in Table 3.2-6. It seems, as expected, that the main emissions of both new and used linoleums contain volatile substances which are similar in new and used products, degradation reactions occur in the material during use, and some emissions are common for both new and old materials. 

Polishes are used for cleaning, conservation or esthetic reasons. In most cases, products are applied on large surfaces such as wood, ceramic, marble, linoleum or furniture and may therefore lead to high emissions. Waxes for treatment of leather clothes can cause irritation on inhalation, oral or dermal contact. Person et al. (1990) have investigated several products and claim that waxes emit large quantities of VOCs (1.0 x 10 to... 

In the United States during World War I (1914—1918), the largest industrial products market for soybean oil was the soap industry. Lesser amounts were used in paint, varnish, enamel, linoleum, oilcloth, asphalt, and other waterproofing materials. 

Most drying-oil products no longer use significant amounts of soybean oil, so economic and market data are difficult to find. The market is dominated by petrochemicals because of better performance properties. Consumption of soybean oil in all other drying oil products peaked at 4,900 MT (5,400 t) in 1954 and declined to 1,600 MT (1,800 t) by 1978. Usage of soybean oil in linoleum and oil cloth peaked at 13,000 MT (14,000 t) in 1948, equivalent to 20% of total fats and oils in linoleum and oil cloth, and declined to 408 MT (450 t) by 1957. The direct use of drying oils accounted for only 4% of the total film formers consumed in the United States in 1990. 

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