Soap industry

Essential oils are obtained from fmits and flowers (61,62). Volatile esters of short- and medium-chain carboxyHc acids or aromatic carboxyHc acids with short- and medium-chain alcohols are primary constituents of essential oils, eg, ethyl acetate in wines, brandy, and in fmits such as pineapple ben2yl acetate in jasmine and gardenia methyl saHcylate in oils of wintergreen and sweet birch. Most of these naturally occurring esters in essential oils have pleasant odors, and either they or their synthetic counterparts are used in the confectionery, beverage, perfume, cosmetic, and soap industries (see Oils, essential). 

Seifen-industrje, /. soap industry, -kessel, m. soap boiler. 

The reasons for the introduction of the terms "lyophobic" (meaning fear of lye) and "lyophilic" (meaning love of lye) are even more obscure and appear irrelevant as they are virtually alternatives to the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The terms originated in the early soap industry during the mid-to-late nineteenth century. In about 1850 soap was prepared by boiling a vegetable oil with an alkaline solution obtained from leaching wood ash with water. 

Carothers returned to Illinois chemistry department that fall to concentrate for two more years on organic chemistry with minors in physical chemistry and mathematics. His thesis topic was related to Adams signature discovery, a catalyst used to hydrogenate unsaturated fats for the shortening and soap industries. Carothers and 11 other collaborators produced 18 papers about the catalyst with Adams. At the same time, Carothers... 

Recovery from the spent lye liquor obrd on saponification of fats and oils in the soap industry... 

The temperature (in practice a narrow range of temperatures) above which the solubility of a surfactant increases sharply (micelles begin to be formed). Below the Krafft point only single, unassociated surfactant molecules (monomers) or ions (ionomers) can be present, up to a given solubility limit. Above the Krafft point, a solution can contain micelles and thus allow much more surfactant to remain in solution in preference to precipitating. In the soap industry the Krafft point is sometimes defined as the temperature at which a transparent soap solution becomes cloudy upon cooling. 

Ajowan oleoresin prepared from seeds gives a warm, aromatic and pleasing flavour to food products and is used in processed foods, snacks, sauces and various vegetable preparations. Ajowan oil can be treated with aqueous alkaline solution to extract thymol (Pruthi, 2001). Fatty oils produced from ajowan seed have their use in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, are used in the soap industry for flavouring and as a deodorant. They are also used for perfuming disinfectant soaps and as an insecticide. A thymol-free fraction of the oil, known as thymene , finds application in soap perfumes (Malhotra and Vijay, 2004). 

Glycerin can be prepared from propylene (via ECH) or as a byproduct from fat and oil hydrolysis of the soap industry. Before 1949 all glycerin was obtained from hydrolysis of fatty triglycerides. In the past 50 years, the synthetic glycerin is to serve the portion of demand not satisfied by natural glycerin. In 1998, the U.S. production for natural versus synthetic is about 2.4 1. The diagram of different routes for the manufacture of glycerin is in Fig. 10.26. 

Palm oil is used in both edible and nonedible applications (Figure 19). Ninety percent of palm oil and its products are used for edible purposes. Currently palm oil is used in food preparation or food manufacture worldwide. The remaining 10% of palm oil and its products are used for nonedible applications, mainly in the soap industry and in the manufacUire of oleochemicals. 

The major use of rendered fats is in the production of tallow soaps and in the area of fat hydrolysis, sphtting triglycerides into fatty acids, and byproduct glycerine. As the soap-making industry grew and became more refined, the quality standards and specifications for animal fat became more precise to meet the soap industry s need. The specihcations and terminology, from the soap industry, form the basis for the quality standards and characteristics used today. 

Laurus nobilis (laurel) has well-known analgesic, diaphoretic, antipyretic, and diuretic effects (10), and is widely used in rheumatic, pyrexial, and infective disorders (11), as well as in the perfume and soap industries (10). 

Caustic soda, which has much wider application than soda ash in the chemical industry, was not produced in India until about 1940, presumably because it was little needed in industry until that time. It was used chiefly by the textile and soap industries, for which 25,000 tons were imported in 1938-1939. The emergence of three major products in later years increased the demand for caustic soda. These were viscous rayon, paper pulp, and alumina from Bayer process extraction of bauxite. 

There is a worldwide tendency to replace conventional soaps (made from fats and oils derived from animals and plants) with synthetic detergents (syndets) from petroleum sources. In developed countries syndets have replaced soaps to the extent of 70-80%. In India, the situation is nearly the reverse the total estimated production of soaps exceeds 700,000 tons, while that of syndets is only 100,000 tons. With the increasing demand for soap, the import of oils and fats tends to increase tremendously, affecting not only the soap industry but also the edible oils industry which is closely linked to it and also is subject to an ever-increasing demand (based on the improving standards of living and the increase in population—625 million in 1977). 

Glycerin.— In the soap industry, 1,000 lb. of fat will give about 2,000 lb. of soap lyes containing 5 per cent glycerin and about 10 per cent of salts. These liquors are usually concentrated in a double- or triple-effect evaporator of the horizontal-tube or vertical-tube type to from 40 to 50 per cent of glycerin. With a steam pressure of 5 lb. and a vacuum of 27 in., the capacity is about 1 gal. per square foot. The 50 per cent solution is further concentrated to about 80 per cent in a single effect. 

Saturea biflora L. Citral was the main component of the essential oil (1.5%) of partially dried leaves of Saturea biflora (33). Owing to the presence of citral, this plant has potential for use in the soap industry. Citral is easily converted in the laboratory to a- and p-ionones, which are used in the perfume industry. 

MCT oils are usually made by esterification of distilled C8 and Cio fatty acids, derived from the acid-oil byproducts of lauric oil refining or from high pressure splitting of lauric oils. Another route is the direct molecular distillation of lauric oils. The C8 to Ci0-depleted oils are then even richer sources of lauric and myristic acids for the oleochemical and soap industries. Examples of MCT oils used in dietetic chocolate spread are shown in Table 6.39. 

Cycloterlc . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Amphoterics for foaming, cemditioning, and thickoung to cosmetics, soaps, industrial applies. 

Norfox . [Norman, Fbx] Surfactants, soaps, lubricants, spedaldes base for shampoos, soaps, industrial and agric. 

This unit has two sections, the first allowing shredding and separation, and the second allowing sulphur elimination from the active mass. Sulphur is present as lead sulphate and is recovered as sodium sulphate, used in the soap industry. 

This technique is still in use in several plants. However, marketing Na2S04 is becoming more and more difficult, especially as far as the soap industry is concerned. So, the use of this technique depends on the economical, technological and environmental conditions of a recycling plant. 

In the United States during World War I (1914—1918), the largest industrial products market for soybean oil was the soap industry. Lesser amounts were used in paint, varnish, enamel, linoleum, oilcloth, asphalt, and other waterproofing materials. 

Although Siegler and Popence, (1925) are responsible for the early lively interest in the toxicity of the fatty acid derivatives containing a 12-carbon chain, the ccnnon use of coconut oil is only in part due to their suggestions (38). It should be noted that coconut oil is the most important and widely used oil in the soap industry. Ihe principal pests treated were aE ids rosy and green apple af ids bean aphids black chrysanthemum, etc. 

Glycerol is a by-product in the soap industry and is recovered by suitable means. 

Use C. find use in perfume and soap industries and for the preparation of menthol, citronellol, hydroxy-citronellal, and isopulegol (see p-menthenols). Dog collars impregnated with C. are purported to calm dogs and induce them to bark less. ... 

CijHjsO, Mr 222.37, colorless oil, bp. 160°C (17.9 - 10 Pa) soluble in ether and THF. It occurs in musk kernels, lime-tree blossoms. Acacia species and in essential oils. On account of its intense odor of lily of the valley it is used in the perfume and soap industries. F. acts as a pheroraone for bumblebees. Furthermore, F. diphosphate is the starting material for the... 

T. are used for the production of other monoterpenes used in the perfume and soap industries. 

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