Lemon

Fluorescein test paper Is prepared by dipping filter paper into a dilute solution of fluorescein in ethyl alcohol it dries rapidly and is then ready for use. The test paper lias a lemon yellow colour. 

Caustic alkalis. Dilute by drinking much water, followed by vinegar, lemon or orange juice, or solutions of lactic acid or citric acid. Milk may then be given but no emetics. 

Beef sirloin or tenderloin, out into 1" pieoes 1/3 cup peanut oil 2 tablespoons soy sauce the juice of 3-4 limes (or lemons)... 

In a chromatographic analysis of lemon oil a peak for limonene has a retention time of 8.36 min with a baseline width of 0.96 min. y-Terpinene elutes at 9.54 min, with a baseline width of 0.64 min. What is the resolution between the two peaks ... 

Lemonade Lemongrass oil Lemon-lime soft drinks Lemon oil... 

Another group of natural flavoring ingredients comprises those obtained by extraction from certain plant products such as vanilla beans, Hcotice root, St. John s bread, orange and lemon peel, coffee, tea, kola nuts, catechu, cherry, elm bark, cocoa nibs, and gentian root. These products are used in the form of alcohohc infusions or tinctures, as concentrations in alcohol, or alcohol—water extractions termed fluid or soHd extracts. Official methods for their preparation and specifications for all products used in pharmaceuticals are described (54,55). There are many flavor extracts for food use for which no official standards exist the properties of these are solely based on suitabiUty for commercial appHcations (56). 

Another process employed to increase the formation of volatile compounds in fmit is that of bioregulators. When a bioregulator is appHed to lemon trees an increase in both the aldehyde and alcohol fractions of the lemon oil extracted from the fmit of the treated lemon trees was observed (78). 

United States Exports of Spices and Oleoresins. The United States (ca 1993) is the foremost grower of peppermint, spearmint, orange, lemon, lime, and grapefmit products. The mints are processed to essential oils, and the citms fmit are sold as fresh fmit or processed to fro2en... 

Essentia.1 Oils. Essential oils (qv) are extracted from the flower, leaf, bark, fmit peel, or root of a plant to produce flavors such as mint, lemon, orange, clove, cinnamon, and ginger. These volatile oils are removed from plants either via steam distillation, or using the cold press method, which avoids heat degradation. Additional processing is sometimes employed to remove the unwanted elements from the oils, such as the terpenes in citms oils which are vulnerable to oxidation (49,50). 

Lemon and Lime Juice. Lemons and Persian limes can be extracted using the same PMC and AMC extractors described above. The juice can be concentrated in a TASTE evaporator, an APV Crepaco, Inc. evaporator, or other types of evaporators (13). Although lime juice, and especially lemon juice, are widely used as condiments on food, the bulk of concentrated juice is used to make frozen concentrated lemonade and limeade. Prozen... 

The commercial use of 2,4-D has decreased substantially and (ca 1993) it has general use for home lawns to control broadleaved weeds it also is used on a limited basis to control broadleaved weeds in commercial moncotyledonous crops, eg, sugarcane. 2,4-D is used on citms when the fmit is 1/3 to 1 inch in diameter to increase fmit size and to limit fmit drop on trees more than six years old. It should not be appHed to trees that are in fliU flush. A further use includes treatment of harvested lemons at 500 mg/L to improve storage properties and to delay yeUowing (23). It is used in certain parts of the world to increase latex flow in old mbber tree plantations. 

Niobium Pent chloride. Niobium pentachloride can be prepared in a variety of ways but most easily by direct chlorination of niobium metal. The reaction takes place at 300—350°C. Chlorination of a niobium pentoxide—carbon mixture also yields the pentachloride however, generally the latter is contaminated with niobium oxide trichloride. The pentachloride is a lemon-yeUow crystalline soHd that melts to a red-orange Hquid and hydrolyzes readily to hydrochloric acid and niobic acid. It is soluble in concentrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, sulfur monochloride, and many organic solvents. 

A lemon scent pumped through the air-conditioning system of a Japanese office building increased workers productivity. 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

In 1993, the United States imported nearly 22 x 10 kg of essential oils at a total value of almost 190 x 10 , an increase over 1992 of ca 2.3 X 10 kg and 935,000. Table 1 fists the quantities and values of 35 imported essential oils. The United States exports seven principal essential oils orange, lemon, peppermint, spearmint, cedarwood, clove, and nutmeg. The latter two are not grown in the United States but are imported as dried spice, processed for oil, and then exported. 

Table 45. Comparison of Components of Sicilian and California Expressed Lemon Oils ...

Citrus Family. This is a popular fragrance group noted for its refreshing brisk quaUty. Lemon, lime, orange, and bergamot are important ingredients. These oils combine well with lavender and amber accords. 

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