Standards official

Moreover, it is useful to distinguish between the standards prepared by the official standards organizations and the professional standards. The former s mission is to ensure that the conditions of the consensus of the widest assemblage of interested parties are followed. The professional standards are prepared by recognized professional organizations but limit the consensus to only the participating organizations. 

In spite of their authority and international prestige, these institutes are not the official standards organizations, and participation in their work is restricted to those who have paid the membership fees. 

Among the official standards organizations are in France, AFNOR (Association Frangaise de Normalisation)-, in the United Kingdom, BSI (British... 

Another group of natural flavoring ingredients comprises those obtained by extraction from certain plant products such as vanilla beans, Hcotice root, St. John s bread, orange and lemon peel, coffee, tea, kola nuts, catechu, cherry, elm bark, cocoa nibs, and gentian root. These products are used in the form of alcohohc infusions or tinctures, as concentrations in alcohol, or alcohol—water extractions termed fluid or soHd extracts. Official methods for their preparation and specifications for all products used in pharmaceuticals are described (54,55). There are many flavor extracts for food use for which no official standards exist the properties of these are solely based on suitabiUty for commercial appHcations (56). 

The USDA considers most spices generaHy recognized as safe (GRAS). There are no standards of identity or legal definitions of spices. Spices used in dmgs must meet the official standards of the US. Pharmacoepla in force. Advisory specifications may also be appHed in commercial spice trading. 

Safety signs of approved types, available from laboratory supply houses and safety equipment dealers, should be posted in appropriate spots. The door leading out of the laboratory should be marked EXIT, while the door to a back room should be marked NO EXIT. The location of a fire extinguisher must be clearly marked. Signs are available for every type of hazard. Homemade signs not conforming to official standards should not be considered. 

Technical Chemicals of reasonable purity for applications that have no official standard for purity. 

During the process of manufacture an unavoidable criterion is the loss of active ingredients. Therefore, all Official Standards for pharmaceutical chemicals and dosage forms should accomodate such losses caused due to loss in manufacture, unavoidable decomposition and storage under normal conditions for a stipulated period. 

It has become an usual practice to include a definite overage in certain dosage forms so as to compensate the noticeable losses caused either due to manufacturing or storage (anticipated decomposition), in order that the finished product may comply with the prescribed official standards after the stipulated duration of storage. 

A proposal to merely publish the official standards, allowing any apparatus to be used in regulatory filing to meet the standard, met with opposition by the USP (11). Clearly, the compendial standard required a specific procedure to allow the demonstration of compliance. 

The consistency of BZ s pharmacological effects, rather than potency alone, led to its adoption as an official standardized incapacitating agent, the first and only one so honored in more than a decade of research. Since it was never officially used as a weapon by the United States (although some claim otherwise) its standardization was more symbolic than a harbinger of actual deployment. 

Due to the core importance of the SEI formation on carbonaceous anodes, the majority of the research activities on additives thus far aim at controlling the chemistry of the anode/electrolyte interface, although the number of publications related to this topic is rather limited as compared with the actual scale of interest by the industry. Table 9 summarizes the additives that have been described in the open literature. In most cases, the concentration of these interface-targeted additives is expected to be kept at a minimum so that the bulk properties of the electrolytes such as ion conduction and liquid ranges would not be discernibly affected. In other words, for an ideal anode additive, its trace presence should be sufficient to decouple the interfacial from bulk properties. Since there is no official standard available concerning the upper limit on the additive concentration, the current review will use an arbitrary criterion of 10% by weight or volume, above which the added component will be treated as a cosolvent instead of an additive. 

The essential requirements contained in Aimex I of each new approach Directive specify the aspects of safety and performance that must be satisfied at the time at which a relevant product is placed on the market. Essential requirements are stated as principles or as generalised aspects and exclude detailed technical requirements. The scheme of the Community s new approach is that detailed technical aspects are not required as legal obligations but, if they are generally accepted, may be applied voluntarily by manufacturers through being included in official standards. The essential requirements are intended to be comprehensive and all must be satisfied save for those requirements that do not apply to a particular product as a matter of common sense. 

In the absence of any approved official standard, procedures for quality control, overseas manufacture and importation were tenuous to the extent that it was often unclear as to whether some fireworks were suitable for sale to the general public or whether they should be used by a licensed importer or manufacturer. 

Perhaps due to lack of regulation, no official, harmonized or internationally validated method is available at present. Despite lack of official standards, many protocols of Protected Denomination of Origin list limits for total polyphenols and this data is often nsed in trade. 

Unless technically impossible, the accuracy and linearity of each measurement chain shall be checked at least at two different points of the measurement range. Visualization of values transmitted from the sensors to the system controller is made most often directly on the controller itself (screen or printer), using an appropriate submenu of the controller. The accuracy of the values read on the equipment or utilities instmmentation is checked by means of appropriate calibrated reference instmmentation traceable to national official standards. 

Unless technically impossible, accuracy and linearity of each output chain are checked. Visualization of values sent to the equipment is made either directly on the checked peripheral system or using appropriate equipment. Accuracy of values transmitted from the analog outputs is checked by using an appropriate calibrated reference instrumentation traceable to national official standards. 

VSMOW). Secondary standards are developed with precisely determined compositions that have a known relationship to this benchmark standard. Measurements are made using secondary standards and final data are calculated relative to the VSMOW ratios. Other isotope systems have similar conventions and official standard compositions. Those who develop measurement techniques for a new isotope system must address the standard problem before they can publish any of their data. 

An important consideration for quality control in industry and commerce relates to the trend of developing faster analytical methods than those described in official standards the question in such cases is whether a proposed method is acceptable as replacement for the standard. This problem relates to the concepts fitness for purpose240 and measurement uncertainty241, the latter serving for the estimation of the LOD and LOQ parameters of analytical quality242. An example of this dilemma relating to the peroxide value is discussed in Section IV.B.5. 

TGA Details of the test method must be provided. Appropriate validation data have been generated for the test method. The limits proposed are based on batch analytical data and are in compliance with official standard and/or relevant accepted guidelines if applicable. Self-assessable changes... 

Official Properties. The International Association for Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), an association of national committees that maintains the official standard properties of steam and water for power cycle use, maintains two formulations of the properties of water and steam. The first is an industrial formulation, the official properties for the calculation of steam power plant cycles. This formulation is appropriate from 0.001 to 100 MPa (0.12-1450 psia) and from 0 to 800 C (32-1472 F) and also from 0.001 to 10 MPa (0.12-145 psia) between 800 and 2000°C (1472 3632 F). This formulation is used in the design of steam turbines and power cycles. IAPWS maintains a second formulation of the properties of water and steam for scientific and general use from 0.01 MPa (extrapolating to ideal gas) at O C (1.45 psia at 32 F) to the highest temperatures and pressures for which reliable information is available. 

All of the environmentally-controlled areas of pharmaceutical manufacturing and its related areas should meet the requirement of air cleanliness, which is expressed as classifications specified by official standards, such as ISO (International Organization of Standardization) or FED-STD (U.S. federal standard) 209, and/or GMP. The classification has a close relationship with the air treatment procedures and construction features. 

An official standard method has been published for the determination of 1 M ammonium nitrate-extractable sodium in soils. The sodium content of the extract was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry [214],... 

The DSM-IV (1994, 2000) distinguishes between two types of ADHD one marked by inattention and the other by hyperactivity-impulsivity. The official standard for ADHD requires any six of nine items under each category. For hyperactivity-impulsivity, the first four items, in descending order, include the following ... 

Selected references The procedures were adapted essentially from AO AC Official Methods of Analysis [7x], the Society for Analytical Chemistry, Official, Standardized and Recommended Methods of Analysis [8d], American Oil Chemists Society [23d], Allen [37m] and Simmons and Loneragan [229] the latter was adapted by permission from Anal. Chem., 47 (1975) 566—568, copyright by the American Chemical Society. 

Pressure equipment is designed by engineers who have official standards upon which to base their work. It is recommended practice, nevertheless, to have each apparatus checked by a first class firm before application is made for a permit for the project. 

These new standards were accepted by the German Echtheitskom-mission and were published for the first time in the 6th edition of Ver fahren, Normen und Typen. In the meantime, the series has been still further improved, and in the 8th edition, the present official standards were set up as follows ... 

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