Lemon geranium

Geranial, also called citral, is an example of an aldehyde which contains two double bonds. It is an important constituent of various essential oils, among which are those derived from lemons, geraniums, roses, and orange-rind. It is a liquid, which possesses an agreeable odor and boils at 110°-112° under a pressure of 12 mm. An interpretation of the methods used in its synthesis and of its reactions leads to the conclusion that its structure is represented by the formula,—... 

Linalol is found very widely distributed in essential oils. It forms the principal constituent, in the free state, of oil of linaloe, and the chief odorous constituent, in the form of esters, in bergamot and lavender oils. It is also found in ylang-ylang, rose, champaca leaf, cinnamon, petit-grain, spike, geranium, lemon, spearmint, and numerous. other essential oils. 

Some oils consist almost entirely of esters for example, those of Oaultheria procumhens and Betula lenta contain about 99 per cent, of methyl salicylate. Bergamot and lavender owe the greater part of their perfume value to esters of linalol, of which the acetate predominates. Geranium oil owes its fragrance chiefly to geranyl esters, of which the tiglate is the chief. On the other hand, oils such as spike lavender, sandalwood, lemon-grass, and citronella contain but small quantities of esters, and owe their perfume value to entirely different types of compounds. 

Chamomile Lemon Balm Hops Catnip Skullcap Geranium Pharmacol. Animal beh. Animal beh. Pharmacol. Pharmacol. Animal beh. Pharmacol. Animal beh. Pharmacol. Animal beh. Pharmacol. Pharmacol. Pharmacol. Animal beh. Pharmacol. 

The alcohols occur in oil of rose and other flower essences. They have geranium or rose odors and are important perfume ingredients. The aldehydes have much stronger citruslike odors and occur as major or minor constituents in many essential oils, such as oil of citronella, oil of lemon, and so on. 

In special cases genuine oils are adulterated with secondary products from the treatment of certain oils, as, for instance, the terpenes of the lemon for adulterating acid fruit oils (q.v.), or oils of high value are treated with others of similar odour but of much lower price (geranium oil being added to rose oil or citronella oil to melissa oil). 

Examples of monoterpenes include the linear aldehyde citral, which is found in many essential oils, and the (cis) alcohol geraniol, a major component of oil of geranium. Cyclic monoterpenes include limonene, menthol, pinene, camphor, and carvone, major components of lemon oil, mint oil, turpentine, camphor oil, and caraway oil, respectively. Sesquiterpenes include farnesol, a component of rose oil, and bisabolene, a component of Bisabol myrrh. The diterpenes include phytol, a component of chlorophyll, and vita-... 

The simpler group in constitution is that of the olefine terpenes. This group is represented by terpenes obtained from the ethereal oils of lemon, orange, rose, geranium, etc., and from india rubber or caoutchouc. 

Geraniol is a constituent of rose and geranium oils and citral is in lemon and orange oils and lemon-grass oil. When citral condenses with acetone, with loss of water, a product known as pseudo-ionone is obtained. 

The extraction process used depends on the plant. For instance, lemon or lime, orange, grape fruit, and bergamot are usually expressed because the oils are present in the peels and the oils are released when the peel is ruptured. Others, that include lavender, clary sage, chamomile, and rose geranium, are usually distilled. Some flowers, like rose, for example, are distilled and solvent extracted, resulting in either a rose absolute or rose Otto. 

Diabetes can be treated by eucalyptus, geranium, and juniper (Tisserand, 1977) clary sage, eucalyptus, geranium, juniper, lemon, pine, red thyme, sweet thyme, vetiver, and ylang ylang (Price,... 

As would be expected with products of such diverse character, the methods employed for the preparation of essential oils vary considerably. Broadly speaking, however, the processes may be divided into three classes—(1) expression, used for orange, lemon, and linui oils (2) distillation, employed for otto of rose, geranium, sandalwood, and many other oils and (3) extraction, including cnfleuraije, by which the volatile oil from the flowers is either first absorbed by a neu-... 

Thymus cajntatus also yields an oil of specific gravity about 900, and closely resembling the above-described oils. It contains pinene, cymene, dipentene, thymol, carvacrol, and bomyl acetate. Its phenol-content is about 6 per cent. A similar oil is obtained from Thymus camphoratus. A somewhat different oil is obtained from a variety of Thymus serpyllum oitratus or citriodorus). This oil has an odour recalling thyme, lemon, and geranium. Its spedfic gravity is 0 890 to 0 920 and its optical rotation - lO" to - 20. It contains only a very small amount of phenols, but cymene and a sesquiterpene have been isolated from it. 

A Floral rose, geranium fruity, pear citrus-lemon... 

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