Carbonate mixtures

Prepare the zinc powder - sodium carbonate mixture by grinding together in a dry, clean mortar 25 g. of A.R. anhydrous sodium carbonate and 50 g. of the purest obtainable zinc powder. The reagent is unlikely to contain nitrogen, but traces of sulphur and halogens may be present. It is therefore essential to carry out a blank or control test for sulphur and halogens with every fresh batch of the mixture. 

Nickel and other transition metals function as solvent-catalysts for the transformation of carbon species into the diamond aHotrope. At temperatures high enough to melt the metal or metal—carbon mixture and at pressures high enough for diamond to be stable, diamond forms by what is probably an electronic mechanism (see Carbon, diamond-synthetic). 

Niobium Pent chloride. Niobium pentachloride can be prepared in a variety of ways but most easily by direct chlorination of niobium metal. The reaction takes place at 300—350°C. Chlorination of a niobium pentoxide—carbon mixture also yields the pentachloride however, generally the latter is contaminated with niobium oxide trichloride. The pentachloride is a lemon-yeUow crystalline soHd that melts to a red-orange Hquid and hydrolyzes readily to hydrochloric acid and niobic acid. It is soluble in concentrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, sulfur monochloride, and many organic solvents. 

Elsewhere, in a series of Japanese patents, mixtures of resorcinol + sodium nitrate, glycerine + sodium nitrate, lithium hydroxide + tungstate, etc., have been claimed to be effective. An example of the use of inhibited cooling mixtures of low toxicity is provided by a patent which describes a mixture of silicate-I- polyphosphate -I- a saccharide, e.g. sucrose or fructose, as the inhibitor formulation in a propylene glycol -I- potassium-hydrogen-carbonate mixture used in aluminium cooler boxes for ice-cream. 

The two methods available for this determination are modifications of those described in Section 10.32 for hydroxide/carbonate mixtures. In the first procedure, which is particularly valuable when the sample contains relatively large amounts of carbonate and small amounts of hydrogencarbonate, the total alkali is first determined in one portion of the solution by titration with standard 0.1M hydrochloric acid using methyl orange, methyl orange-indigo carmine, or bromophenol blue as indicator ... 

Sulphur suspensions in air can detonate when they are submitted to an igniting flame if their concentration lies between 35 and 1400 g/m. The air/ sulphur/carbon mixture spontaneously combuste if carbon is subjected to great heat. The combustion of sulphur under controlled conditions produces sulphur dioxide, as used in industry. 

The same goes for carbon (the accident was caused because carbon was used instead of manganese dioxide, by mistake), sulphur and phosphorus. There was a detonation with carbon. With phosphorus the detonation occurred once the carbon disulphide used to dissolve phosphorus vapourised red phosphorus behaves the same way. The same happened with the potassium chlor-ate/sodium nitrate/sulphur/carbon mixture, which led to a violent detonation as well as with the potassium perchlorate/aluminium/potassium nitrate/barium nitrate/water mixture. In the last case the explosion took place after an induction period of 24h. 

It also reacts with carbon. There are cases of spontaneous ignition with ti-tanium/powdered carbon mixtures prepared for the purpose of producing titanium carbide. 

Titanium tetrachloride is produced on an industrial scale by the chlorination of titanium dioxide-carbon mixtures in reactors lined with silica. During the reactor operation, the lining comes into contact not only with chlorine but also with titanium tetrachloride. There appears to be no attack on silica by either of these as the lining remains intact. However, the use of such a reactor for chlorinating beryllium oxide by the carbon-chlorine reduction chlorination procedure is not possible because the silica lining is attacked in this case. This corrosion of silica can be traced to the attack of beryllium chloride on silica. The interaction of beryllium chloride with silica results in the formation of silicon tetrachloride in accordance with the reaction... 

Analytical decomposition of powdered diamond by fusion with potassium hydroxide may become explosive. This can be avoided by fusion with a potassium carbonate-sodium carbonate mixture, followed by addition of small portions of potassium nitrite or nitrate. 

Contact of powdered charcoal with the molten nitrate, or of the solid nitrate with glowing charcoal, causes vigorous combustion of the carbon. Mixtures with charcoal and sulfur have been used as black powder [1]. Charcoal powder-nitrate mixtures bum briskly at 200° C [2],... 

Carbon impregnated with potassium iodide was used as an ozone-scrubbing filter in a chemiluminescence NO analyser. When the level of iodide was inadvertently increased to the high level of 40%, the filter exploded violently dining replacement after use. This was attributed to oxidation of iodide to iodate by ozone, and frictional initiation of the iodate-carbon mixture when the filter was dismantled. 

Figure 15. Experimental torque vs. binder fraction ratio for a porous sodium carbonate mixture, from Tardos (1994).

McHale, E.T., Geary, R.W., von Elbe, G., and Huggett, C., Flammability limits of H2-02-fluoro-carbon mixtures, Combust. Flame, 16,167,1971. 

Seacoke A process for making tar and coke by carbonizing mixtures of coal and petroleum residuum. The tar would be used in an oil refinery and the coke would be used for generating electricity. The process was sponsored by the U.S. Office of Coal Research 1964-1969 the work was carried out by EMC Corporation, Atlantic Richfield Company, and Blaw-Knox Company. Results from the pilot plant were encouraging but the project was abandoned because the benefits were judged insufficient to justify the complexity. 

An alumina-based catalyst will be bound, for the purpose of mechanical strength, with carbon. The alumina-carbon mixture is essentially a composite support for adsorbing the Pt precursor. If it is desired that all metal go onto the alumina phase, which type of carbon (oxidized or unoxidized) and what type of Pt complex should be used and why A sketch of the surface potential vs. pH for alumina and the carbon binder will help. 

The phase-transfer catalysed reaction of alkyl halides with potassium carbonate in dimethylacetamide, or a potassium carbonate/potassium hydrogen carbonate mixture in toluene, provides an excellent route to dialkyl carbonates without recourse to the use of phosgene [55, 56], An analogous reaction of acid chlorides with sodium hydrogen carbonate in benzene, or acetonitrile, produces anhydrides (3.3.29.B, >80%), although there is a tendency in acetonitrile for aliphatic acid chlorides to hydrolyse yielding the acids [57]. 

T. Kodama, Government Industrial Research Institute, Osaka, "Cell Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell with Alkali and Alkaline Earth Carbonate Mixtures," in The International... 

Systematic construction of carbonate mixture phase diagrams was performed by Ding et for a... 

Although the above findings came from studies on mixtures of the cyclic carbonate PC with ethers, they remain qualitatively true for mixtures of cyclic and linear carbonates, that is, compositions of the state-of-the-art lithium electrolytes. Most likely, it was the work by Matsuda et al. that delineated the basic guidelines for electrolyte formulation, which eventually led to the formulations by Tarascon and Guyo-mard using cyclic (high e) and linear (low rj) carbonate mixtures. ... 

The anodic limit for the electrochemical stability of these carbonate mixtures has been determined to be around 5.5 V in numerous studies.Thus, new electrolyte formulations are needed for any applications requiring >5.0 V potentials. For most of the state-of-the-art cathode materials based on the oxides of Ni, Mn, and Co, however, these carbonate mixtures can provide a sufficiently wide electrochemical stability window such that the reversible lithium ion chemistry with an upper potential limit of 4.30 V is practical. 

In the early era of lithium ion cell research, Aurbach et al. noticed that the presence of CO2 in the electrolyte had pronounced effects on the lithia-tion behavior of graphitic anodes. A number of electrolytes, which were thought to be incompatible with graphite because they are based on solvents such as methyl formate or THE, delivered much improved performance under 3—6 atm of C02. ° They proposed that CO2 participated in the formation of the SEI by a two-electron process, yielding Li2C03, which assisted in the buildup of the protective surface film. However, in PC-based electrolytes. CO2 presence proved to be ineffective, while, in electrolytes based on carbonate mixtures such as EC/DMC, the... 

Wood chips are processed in mild chemical liquor and subjected to mechanical refining using disc refiners. Semichemical pulping liquors have variable composition ranging from sodium hydroxide alone, alkaline sulfite (sodium sulfite - - sodium carbonate), mixtures of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, to Kraft green or white liquors [3]. Sodium sulfite/ sodium carbonate liquor is most commonly used and the pulp product obtained thereafter is referred to as neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) pulp. 

Potassium carbonate-carbon mixture reacts with ammonia at high temperatures to form potassium cyanide ... 

The furosemide extraction procedure was later examined for potential application in the analysis of thiazide diuretics in milk. Since this procedure could not provide sufficiently clean extracts for thiazides, additional acidic and basic extraction procedures were evaluated (557). Thus, milk was deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid, phosphoric acid, or potassium dihydrogen phosphate and centrifuged. The supernatants were extracted with ethyl acetate, evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in mobile phase, and analyzed by liquid chromatography. The recoveries in most cases were low and widely variable. Basic extraction, on the other hand, with sodium bicarbonate/potassium carbonate mixture or potassium monohydrogen phosphate followed by extraction with ethyl acetate also gave poor recoveries in most cases. It appears that a significant degradation of chlorothiazide occurred under the basic conditions. 

In a separate container, mix the surfactant and water. Next, spray this liquid onto the phosphate/carbonate mixture. Mix continuously while spraying, and continue mixing until the liquid is completely adsorbed and the mixture is homogeneous,... 

Calcium Oxide. [CAS 1305-78-8], CaO (quicklime), white solid, mp 2,570CC. reacts with H.O 10 form calcium hydroxide with the evolution of much heal reacts with H2O vapor and COi of the atmosphere to form caleium hydroxide and carbonate mixture (slaked lime) formed by heating limestone at high temperature (800=C) and removal of CCL. This process is conducted industrially in a lime kiln. 

In order to further investigate the effect of carbon content on the combustion behavior of titanium carbon mixtures, a series of experiments was performed in 1.4 MPa of argon gas. Figure 11.11 shows the variation... 

The presence of the empirical formula [5], which describes the flame velocity in carbon mixtures in accordance with the modern theory of flame... 

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