Oils and yields

Coconut oil and tallow were the principal raw material sources for early fatty alcohol manufacture. Coconut oil is a lauryl-range oil and affords primarily C 12 and C 1 < alcohols. Tallow is a stearyl-range oil and yields primarily C1 and C is alcohols. Both of these natural products form only even carbon-numbered alcohols. Some synthetic alcohols contain both even and odd carbon-numbered alcohols while other synthetic alcohols are like the natural products and contain only even carbon-numbered homologs. 

La, TC. Seed protein, oil, and yield of soybean genotypes with high and normal oleic acid concentration, 2013. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia). 

Putievsky, E., U. Ravid, and N. Dudai, 1986. The essential oil and yield components from various plant parts... 

ADMET has been used to take advantage of several natural polymer feedstocks, mainly plant oils and fatty acids (Figure 13.26) [190]. An initial study optimized the ADMET polymerization of a variety of plant oils, and yields of40—60% were obtained [191]. A set of polyamides were synthesized by ADMET polymerization of monomers ultimately derived from ricinoleic acid, the main fatty acid of castor oil [192]. Similarly, ADMET was utilized to polymerize 1,3-di-lO-undecenoxy-2-propanol, a castor oil-based diene, which was subsequently reacted with... 

Table 3.1 Various crude oils and yields of main products from primary distillation (per cent by volume)...

An optically active, secondary terpene alcohol. ( —)-Piperilol is found in various eucalyptus oils and (-l-) piperitol in the oil from a species of Andropogon. A somewhat viscous oil of pleasant smell. It yields piperitone on oxidation with chromic acid. 

Figure 1.1 illustrates the diversity of products derived from petroleum classified according to their distillation ranges and number of carbon atoms. From one crude to another, the proportions of the recovered fractions vary widely. A good illustration is the gasoline fraction (one of the most economically attractive) a crude from Qatar gives about 37 per cent by volume whereas a Boscan crude oil only yields 4.5%. 

The properties of straight run diesel fuels depend on both nature of the crude oil and selected distillation range. Thus the paraffinic crudes give cuts of satisfactory cetane number but poorer cold characteristics the opposite will be observed with naphthenic or aromatic crudes. The increasing demand for diesel fuel could lead the refiner to increase the distillation end point, but that will result in a deterioration of the cloud point. It is generally accepted that a weight gain in yield of 0.5% could increase the cloud point by 1°C. The compromise between quantity and quality is particularly difficult to reconcile. 

A container full of hydrocarbons can be described in a number of ways, from a simple measurement of the dimensions of the container to a detailed compositional analysis. The most appropriate method is usually determined by what you want to do with the hydrocarbons. If for example hydrocarbon products are stored in a warehouse prior to sale the dimensions of the container are very important, and the hydrocarbon quality may be completely irrelevant for the store keeper. However, a process engineer calculating yields of oil and gas from a reservoir oil sample will require a detailed breakdown of hydrocarbon composition, i.e. what components are present and in what quantities. 

For a single stage separator i.e. only one separator vessel, there is an optimum pressure which yields the maximum amount of oil and minimises the carry over of heavy components into the gas phase (a phenomenon called stripping). By adding additional separators to the process line the yield of oil can be increased, but with each additional separator the incremental oil yield will decrease. 

The Research-Production Company (RPC) Zond (city of Ivano-Frankivsk) now is a well-known centre for development, fabrication and introduction of the technologies and methods of NOT of oil and gas equipment and tools Its experts developed and introduced the technologies and equipment which enables control of the drill pipes, especially their threaded joints, oil and gas equipment, sort out the pipes into groups by the strength and yield point of the pipes material, etc. 

Separate the oil, and extract the aqueous layer with three 100 ml. portiom of benzene. Combine the oil and benzene extracts, dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, remove the solvent, and distil the residue under diminished pressure. Collect the a-tetralone at 105-107°/2 mm, (or at 135-137715 mm,). The yield is 23 g. 

Amino-5-methylthiazole. Suspend 76 g. of thiourea in 200 ml. of water in a 500 ml. three-necked flask equipped as in the preceding pre paration. Stir and add 92 -5 g. (80 ml.) of monochloroacetone (1) over a period of 30 minutes. The thiourea dissolves as the reaction proceeds and the temperature rises. Reflux the yellow solution for 2 hours. To the cold solution immersed in an ice bath add, with stirring, 200 g. of solid sodium hydroxide. Transfer to a separatory funnel, add a little ice water, separate the upper oil layer and extract the aqueous layer with three 100 ml. portions of ether. Dry the combined oil and ether extracts with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, remove the ether by distillation from a steam bath, and distil the residual oil under diminished pressure. Collect the 2-amino-5-methylthiazole at 130-133°/18 mm. it solidifies on coohng in ice to a solid, m.p. 44-45°. The yield is 84 g. 

It was dissolved in 75 ml of pentane and the solution was cooled to about -30°C with swirling. Some oil precipitated NHR spectroscopy showed the presence of only a very small amount of the allene. The supernatant yellow liquid was decanted from the oil and, after some pentane had been removed by evacuation, the solution was cooled below -40°C. The pale yellow crystals (m.p. 52°C) were filtered off on a sintered-glass funnel (note 2). From the mother liquor an additional small amount of product was obtained, bringing the yield of NMR-pure material to 62%. 

Separation of a fat or oil from its source material can be accompHshed by several different methods. Selection of an extraction process is based on (/) obtaining oil substantially undamaged and relatively free of undesirable impurities, (2) achieving the highest practical yield, and (J) obtaining the maximum economic return on the oil and coproducts. 

Several biomass species have been found to contain oils and/or hydrocarbons (Table 13). It is apparent that oil or hydrocarbon formation is not limited to any one family or type of biomass. Interestingly, some species in the Euphorbiaceae family, which includes Hevea bra liensis form hydrocarbons having molecular weights considerably less than that of natural mbber at yields as high as 10 wt% of the plant. This corresponds to hydrocarbon yields of about 3.97 mVhm2-yr(25bbl/hm2-yr). 

Table 3 Hsts the refinery product yields in North America and worldwide, illustrating patterns of consumption. The United States refines about 25% of the world s cmde oil, and because of its declining oil reserves, must import additional cmde oil.

The principal route for production of isoprene monomer outside of the CIS is recovery from ethylene by-product C streams. This route is most viable where ethylene is produced from naphtha or gas oil and where several ethylene plants are located in relatively close proximity to the isoprene plant. Although the yield of isoprene per mass of ethylene is quite low, there is enough ethylene produced to provide a large portion of demand. Because of the presence of / -pentane in these streams which a2eotropes with isoprene, extractive distillation must be used to recover pure isoprene. Acetonitrile is the most common solvent, but dimethylformamide is also used commercially. 

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