Latinism

Utilization of LPG as motor fuel represents only a tiny fraction of the market, on the order of 30,000 t/an in France out of a total 3,000,000 t that is, about 1%. Globally, the fraction of LPG used in the transportation industry is on the order of 5% the other applications are essentially petrochemicals (25%) and the heating fuel sectors (70%). However noticeable openings in the LPG-fuel markets in some countries such as Japan (1.8 Mt), the United States (1.3 Mt), the Netherlands (0.9 Mt), Italy (0.8 Mt) and in certain regions (Latin America, Africa, and the Far East) have been observed for specialized vehicles such as taxis. 

E.N. Hogert, M.Landau, M. Rebollo y N.G. Gaggioli. Proc.of the 5 Latin-American Meeting, Lasers and their Applications. Nov. 20-25 1995, La Habana, Cuba. 

Throughout, the space coordinates and other vectorial quantities are written either in vector fomi x, or with Latin indices k— 1,2,3) the time it) coordinate is Ap = ct. A four vector will have Greek lettered indices, such as Xv (v = 0,1,2,3) or the partial derivatives 0v- m is the electronic mass, and e the charge. 

On standing, gelatinous aluminium hydroxide, which may initially have even more water occluded than indicated above, is converted into a form insoluble in both acids and alkalis, which is probably a hydrated form of the oxide AI2O3. Both forms, however, have strong adsorptive power and will adsorb dyes, a property long used by the textile trade to dye rayon. The cloth is first impregnated with an aluminium salt (for example sulphate or acetate) when addition of a little alkali, such as sodium carbonate, causes aluminium hydroxide to deposit in the pores of the material. The presence of this aluminium hydroxide in the cloth helps the dye to bite by ad sorbing it—hence the name mordant (Latin mordere = to bite) dye process. 

HyperChem supplements the standard MM2 force field (see References on page 106) by providing additional parameters (force eon slants) using two alternative schemes (see the second part of th is book. Theory and Melhod.s). I h is exten ds th e ran ge of chem ical compounds that MM-t-can accommodate. MM-t-also providescut-offs for calcu latin g nonbonded in teraction s an d periodic bou n d-arv condition s. 

Deliquescence and efflorescence. A substance is said to deliquesce (Latin to become liquid) when it forms a solution or liquid phase upon standing in the air. The essential condition is that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution of the highest hydrate at the ordinary temperature should be less than the partial pressure of the aqueous vapour in the atmosphere. Water will be absorbed by the substance, which gradually liquefies to a saturated solution water vapour will continue to be absorbed by the latter until an unsaturated solution, having the same vapour pressure as the partial pressure of water vapour in the air, is formed. In order that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution may be sufficiently low, the substance must be extremely soluble in water, and it is only such substances (e.g., calcium chloride, zinc chloride and potassium hydroxide) that deliquesce. 

Latin carbo, charcoal) Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. 

English, soda Medieval Latin, sodanum, headache remedy) Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. 

Latin cuj)mm, from the island of Cyprus) It is believed that copper has been mined for 5,000 years. 

L. Gallia, France also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock) Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH. 

Latin Germania, Germany) Mendeleev predicted the existence of Germanium in 1871 as ekasilicon, and the element was discovered by Winkler in 1886. 

Hafinia, Latin name for Copenhagen) Many years before its discovery in 1932 (credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey), Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium. 

The atomic symbol is one or two letters chosen to represent an element ("H" for "hydrogen," etc.). These symbols are used internationally. Typically, a symbol is the truncated name of the element or the truncated Latin name of the element. Click here for... 

The term ah initio is Latin for from the beginning. This name is given to computations that are derived directly from theoretical principles with no inclusion of experimental data. This is an approximate quantum mechanical calculation. The approximations made are usually mathematical approximations, such as using a simpler functional form for a function or finding an approximate solution to a dilferential equation. 

The lUPAC rules assign names to unbranched alkanes as shown m Table 2 2 Methane ethane propane and butane are retained for CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH3 respectively Thereafter the number of carbon atoms m the chain is specified by a Latin or Greek prefix preceding the suffix ane which identifies the com pound as a member of the alkane family Notice that the prefix n is not part of the lUPAC system The lUPAC name for CH3CH2CH2CH3 is butane not n butane... 

The word petroleum is de rived from the Latin words for rock (petra) and oil (oleum)... 

An older name for alkanes is paraffin hydrocarbons Paraffin is derived from the Latin words parum affims ( with little affinity ) and testifies to the low level of reactivity of alkanes... 

When a cycloalkane bears two substituents on different carbons—methyl groups for example—these substituents may be on the same or on opposite sides of the ring When substituents are on the same side we say they are cis to each other if they are on oppo site sides they are trans to each other Both terms come from the Latin m which as means on this side and trans means across... 

The products of these reactions are called vicinal dihalides Two substituents m this case the halogens are vicinal if they are attached to adjacent carbons The word is derived from the Latin vicinalis which means neighboring The halogen is either chlorine (CI2) or bromine (Br2) and addition takes place rapidly at room temperature and below m a variety of solvents mcludmg acetic acid carbon tetrachloride chloroform and dichloromethane... 

If the order of decreasing precedence of the three highest ranked substituents appears in a clockwise sense the absolute configuration is R (Latin rectus... 

Although Pasteur was unable to provide a structural explanation—that had to wait for van t Hoff and Le Bel a quarter of a century later—he correctly deduced that the enantiomeric quality of the crystals was the result of enantiomeric molecules The rare form of tartanc acid was optically inactive because it contained equal amounts of (+) tartaric acid and (—) tartaric acid It had earlier been called racemic acid (from Latin racemus meaning a bunch of grapes ) a name that subsequently gave rise to our pres ent term for an equal mixture of enantiomers... 

Conjugare is a Latin verb meaning to link or yoke together and allylic carbocations allylic free radicals and conjugated dienes are all examples of conjugated systems In this chapter we 11 see how conjugation permits two functional units within a molecule to display a kind of reactivity that is qualitatively different from that of either unit alone... 

Thiols have a marked ten dency to bond to mercury and the word mercaptan comes from the Latin mer curium captans which means seizing mercury The drug dimercaprol is used to treat mercury and lead poisoning It IS 2 3 dimercapto 1 propanol... 

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates Glucose (C6H12O6)... 

Saccharin was discovered at Johns Hopkins Uni versity in 1879 in the course of research on coal tar derivatives and is the oldest artificial sweetener In spite of Its name which comes from the Latin word for sugar saccharin bears no structural relationship to any sugar Nor is saccharin itself very soluble in wa ter The proton bonded to nitrogen however is fairly acidic and saccharin is normally marketed as its water soluble sodium or calcium salt Its earliest applications were not in weight control but as a... 

So basic is the notion of a statistical estimate of a physical parameter that statisticians use Greek letters for the parameters and Latin letters for the estimates. For many purposes, one uses the variance, which for the sample is s and for the entire populations is cr. The variance s of a finite sample is an unbiased estimate of cr, whereas the standard deviation 5- is not an unbiased estimate of cr. 

Stoichiometric Proportions. The stoichiometric proportions of the constituents in a formula may be denoted by Greek numerical prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona- (Latin), deca-, undeca- (Latin), dodeca-,. . . , icosa- (20), henicosa- (21),. . . , tri-conta-(30), tetraconta-(40),. . . , hecta-(100), and so on, preceding without a hyphen the names of the elements to which they refer. The prefix mono can usually be omitted occasionally hemi-(1/2) and sesqui- (%) are used. No elisions are made when using numerical prefixes except in the case of icosa- when the letter i is elided in docosa- and tricosa-. Beyond 10, prefixes may be replaced by Arabic numerals. 

Volatile hydrides, except those of Periodic Group VII and of oxygen and nitrogen, are named by citing the root name of the element (penultimate consonant and Latin affixes. Sec. 3.1.2.2) followed by the suffix -ane. Exceptions are water, ammonia, hydrazine, phosphine, arsine, stibine, and bismuthine. 

Calixarenes (from the Latin ca/ x) may be understood as artificial receptor analogues of the natural cyclodextrins (96,97). In its prototypical form they feature a macrocycHc metacyclophane framework bearing protonizable hydroxy groups made from condensation of -substituted phenols with formaldehyde (Fig. 15b). Dependent on the ring size, benzene derivatives are the substrates most commonly included into the calix cavity (98), but other interesting substrates such as C q have also been accommodated (Fig. 8c) (45). 

Semolina is the coarsely ground endosperm of dumm wheat. High in protein, it is used by U.S. and ItaHan manufacturers for high quaHty pasta products such as macaroni and spaghetti. In Africa and Latin America it is also used for a dish called couscous. Dumm flour, a by-product in the production of semolina, is used to make commercial American noodles. Farina is the coarsely ground endosperm of hard wheats. It is the prime ingredient in many American breakfast cereals. It is also used by manufacturers for inexpensive pasta. 

Acetaldehyde [75-07-0] (ethanal), CH CHO, was first prepared by Scheele ia 1774, by the action of manganese dioxide [1313-13-9] and sulfuric acid [7664-93-9] on ethanol [64-17-5]. The stmcture of acetaldehyde was estabhshed in 1835 by Liebig from a pure sample prepared by oxidising ethyl alcohol with chromic acid. Liebig named the compound "aldehyde" from the Latin words translated as al(cohol) dehyd(rogenated). The formation of acetaldehyde by the addition of water [7732-18-5] to acetylene [74-86-2] was observed by Kutscherow] in 1881. 

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