Root name

Volatile hydrides, except those of Periodic Group VII and of oxygen and nitrogen, are named by citing the root name of the element (penultimate consonant and Latin affixes. Sec. 3.1.2.2) followed by the suffix -ane. Exceptions are water, ammonia, hydrazine, phosphine, arsine, stibine, and bismuthine. 

Other Polyatomic Anions. Names for other polyatomic anions consist of the root name of the central atom with the ending -ate and followed by the valence of the central atom expressed by its oxidation number. Atoms and groups attached to the central atom are treated as ligands in a complex. 

Exceptions to the use of the root name of the central atom are antimonate, bismuthate, carbonate, cobaltate, nickelate (or niccolate), nitrate, phosphate, tungstate (or wolframate), and zincate. 

The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (disregarding the Greek prefixes) and attached to the root name. The names of substituents other than hydrocarbon groups are discussed more fully in Chapter 19 (see Toolbox 19.1). 

Many hydrogen compounds are acids. Acids require a different system of nomenclature than other compounds. There are two types of acids binary acids and ternary acids. All acids include the word acid in their name. Binary acids contain only two elements one of which is hydrogen and the other a nonmetal. When naming binary acids, the prefix hydro- appears before the root name of the nonmetal, and there will be an -ic suffix. As an acid, H2S would be hydrosulfuric acid. We used H2S to illustrate the fact that there can be two possible names, hydrogen sulfide or hydrosulfuric acid. If your instructor does not specify which name to use, either is correct. Technically, the name hydrosulfuric acid only applies to aqueous solutions of H2S, H2S(aq). 

The number 64 has another square root, namely -8, since -8 x -8 = (-8)2 = 64. If we want to indicate the positive square root, use the fn radical symbol to denote square root. In an expression such as V25, 25 is called the radicand, and the expression is the radical. So V64 = 8, and -V64 = -8. The notation for cube root is Vm. 

The root name is based on the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms bearing the carhoxyl group. The -e is replaced by -oic acid. The chain is numbered starting with the carhoxyl carbon atom. The carboxyl group takes priority over any other functional groups as follows carboxylic acid > ester > amide > nitrile > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > amine > alkene > alkyne. 

Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are named by simply adding the suffix -dioic acid to the root name. The root name comes from the longest carbon chain containing both carboxyl groups. Numbering starts at the end closest to a substituent. 

The atoms of some metals can lose different numbers of electrons under different conditions (Table 8-2). For these atoms it has been traditional to add the suffix -ous to the atom s root name for the lower charge state, and.the suffix -ic for the higher charge state. Thus the aurous ion is Au+an e aunc 10n 1S Au3+. 

The input file format for both programs is fairly simple. An input file contains one or more sequences. A sequence must appear as a single line in the file without embedded white spaces. A sequence may be preceded by a special line starting with the > character followed by a sequence name. This name is used by RNAfold as the root name for the postscript output files for this sequence. 

Systematic nomenclature of vitamin D derivatives utilizes the obvious relationship to steroids, and the term seco (ring opened) is incorporated into the root name (compare secologanin as a... 

The solution and its derivative are in series forms in which the constant root °, namely the value of the potential at X = 0, is undetermined yet. 

TABLE 12.1 GSL Sugar Root Names, Abbreviations, and Structures... 

To simplify the nomenclature, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommended abbreviations for the oligosaccharide chains of GSLs [9], The neutral core (root) structures, their symbols, and commonly used abbreviations are shown in Table 12.1. The name of a particular GSL is composed of (root name) (root size) osylceramide. Thus, the sixth structure in Table 12.1, if linked to ceramide, is named globotetraosylceramide, which could be abbreviated as Gb4Cer (the subscript 4 refers to the tetrasaccharide core). 

Simple alkenes are named much like alkanes, using the root name of the longest chain containing the double bond. The ending is changed from -ane to -ene. For example, ethane becomes ethene, propane becomes propene, and cyclohexane becomes cyclohexene. ... 

Number the chain from the end closest to the double bond(s). Number a ring so that the double bond is between carbons 1 and 2. Place the numbers giving the locations of the double bonds in front of the root name (old system) or in front of the suffix -ene, -diene, etc. (new system). 

Name the longest carbon chain that contains the carbon atom bearing the —OH group. Drop the final -e from the alkane name and add the suffix -ol to give the root name. 

In the following example, the longest carbon chain has four carbons, so the root name is butanol. The —OH group is on the second carbon atom, so this is a butan-2-ol. The complete IUPAC name is l-bromo-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol. 

IUPAC names use the more complex alkyl group as the root name, and the rest of the ether as an alkoxy group. For example, cyclohexyl methyl ether is named methoxycyclohexane. This systematic nomenclature is often the only clear way to name complex ethers. 

A ketone or aldehyde group can also be named as a substituent on a molecule with a higher priority functional group as its root. A ketone or aldehyde carbonyl is named by the prefix oxo- if it is included as part of the longest chain in the root name. When an aldehyde —CHO group is a substituent and not part of the longest chain, it is named by the prefix formyl. Carboxylic acids frequently contain ketone or aldehyde groups named as substituents. 

The IUPAC nomenclature for amines is similar to that for alcohols. The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms determines the root name. The -e ending in the alkane name is changed to -amine, and a number shows the position of the amino group along the chain. Other substituents on the carbon chain are given numbers, and the prefix N- is used for each substituent on nitrogen. 

With all the different functional groups we have studied, it is not always obvious which functional group of a multifunctional compound is the main one and which groups should be named as substituents. In choosing the principal group for the root name, we use the following priorities ... 

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