Carbohydrates, classification

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates Glucose (C6H12O6)... 

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum, and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification. A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate, one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates. Glucose (C6H12O6), for example, is a monosaccharide. A disaccharide on hydrolysis is cleaved to two monosaccharides, which may be the same or different. Sucrose—common table sugar—is a disaccharide that yields one molecule of glucose and one of fructose on hydrolysis. 

The most radical change of classification in this group is the abandonment of Levene s1 definition that the carbohydrate group of all... 

The above classification and the following description of some of the properties of the carbohydrate constituents of these substances are not exhaustive but are intended primarily to focus attention on them and to illustrate the nature of the problems awaiting study. It is rather remarkable that comparatively few investigations have yet been carried out on their protein constituents, but on attempting structural studies it must be realized that one encounters all the difficulties inherent in protein chemistry with the added complication of the presence of complex carbohydrate molecules. 

Commercial caramel is a very complex mixture of heat degraded carbohydrates. In 1980, the JECFA recommended that further information on the chemical properties be obtained in order to establish a suitable classification and specification system. The International Technical Caramel Committee attempted to provide this information and undertook an extensive research program. 

Water Reclamation Works by their very nature can, at times be the source of unpleasant odorous emission. The odour-intensive compounds (osmogenes) which make up these emissions are believed to arise mainly as the decomposition products of carbohydrates and proteins. The breakdown of this waste material proceeds by aerobic and anaerobic processes at various stages of the treatment plant. Atmospheric pollution of this nature frequently results in complaints from members of the public either resident, or perhaps employed in the vicinity of such works. In order to confirm or deny that a reclamation works is responsible for a particular nuisance and, if possible to identify the causal agents it was decided that the Authority should have the capability of analysing for odorous and other polluting constituents of the atmosphere. This paper describes the progress made towards this objective and summarises the experience gained with a procedure in use. There are two principle approaches available for the analytical classification of odorous emissions -... 

Amylol3rtic glucosylases are probably the most widely studied of the carbohydrate enz3nnes, due to their biological and industrial importance, as well as their ubiquitous distribution. Many different types of amyloglucosylases exist, with a variety of physical, chemic and catalytic properties. Recent reviews 28-30) describe the classification, characterization, action patterns and biochemistry of different enzymes. 

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