Hydrocarbon compounds paraffins

Concentrated sulphuric acid. The paraffin hydrocarbons, cych-paraffins, the less readily sulphonated aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc.) and their halogen derivatives, and the diaryl ethers are generally insoluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, certain polyalkylated aromatic hydrocarbons (such as mesitylene) and most oxygen-containing compounds are soluble in the cold acid. 

Hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon and hydrogen, are stmcturally classified as aromatic and aliphatic the latter includes alkanes (paraffins), alkenes (olefins), alkynes (acetylenes), and cycloparaffins. An example of a low molecular weight paraffin is methane [74-82-8], of an olefin, ethylene [74-85-1], of a cycloparaffin, cyclopentane [287-92-3], and of an aromatic, benzene [71-43-2]. Cmde petroleum oils [8002-05-9], which span a range of molecular weights of these compounds, excluding the very reactive olefins, have been classified according to their content as paraffinic, cycloparaffinic (naphthenic), or aromatic. The hydrocarbon class of terpenes is not discussed here. Terpenes, such as turpentine [8006-64-2] are found widely distributed in plants, and consist of repeating isoprene [78-79-5] units (see Isoprene Terpenoids). 

Aromatic hydrocarbons, like paraffin hydrocarbons, react by substitution, but by a different reaction mechanism and under milder conditions. Aromatic compounds react by addition only under severe conditions. For example, electrophilic substitution of benzene using nitric acid produces nitrobenzene under normal conditions, while the addition of hydrogen to benzene occurs in presence of catalyst only under high pressure to... 

One of the most important, and perhaps the best studied, applications of three-phase fluidization is for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide by the Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process in the liquid phase. In this process, synthesis gas of relatively low hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio (0.6 0.7) is bubbled through a slurry of precipitated catalyst suspended in a heavy oil medium. The F-T synthesis forms saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds ranging from methane to high-melting paraffin waxes (MW > 20,000) via the following two-step reaction ... 

Hydrocarbon compounds can be divided into four major structural forms (1) alkanes, (2) cycloalkanes, (3) alkenes, and (4) arenes. Petroleum geologists and engineers commonly refer to these structural groups as (1) paraffins, (2) naphthenes or cycloparaffins, (3) aromatics, and (4) olefins, respectively and will be referred... 

The lower members of the homologous series of 1. Alcohols 2. Aldehydes 3. Ketones 4. Acids 5. Esters 6. Phenols 7. Anhydrides 8. Amines 9. Nitriles 10. Polyhydroxy phenols 1. Polybasic acids and hydro-oxy acids. 2. Glycols, poly-hydric alcohols, polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones (sugars) 3. Some amides, ammo acids, di-and polyamino compounds, amino alcohols 4. Sulphonic acids 5. Sulphinic acids 6. Salts 1. Acids 2. Phenols 3. Imides 4. Some primary and secondary nitro compounds oximes 5. Mercaptans and thiophenols 6. Sulphonic acids, sulphinic acids, sulphuric acids, and sul-phonamides 7. Some diketones and (3-keto esters 1. Primary amines 2. Secondary aliphatic and aryl-alkyl amines 3. Aliphatic and some aryl-alkyl tertiary amines 4. Hydrazines 1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons 2. Some poly-alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons 3. Alcohols 4. Aldehydes 5. Ketones 6. Esters 7. Anhydrides 8. Ethers and acetals 9. Lactones 10. Acyl halides 1. Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Cyclic paraffin hydrocarbons 3. Aromatic hydrocarbons 4. Halogen derivatives of 1, 2 and 3 5. Diaryl ethers 1. Nitro compounds (tertiary) 2. Amides and derivatives of aldehydes and ketones 3. Nitriles 4. Negatively substituted amines 5. Nitroso, azo, hy-drazo, and other intermediate reduction products of nitro com-pounds 6. Sulphones, sul-phonamides of secondary amines, sulphides, sulphates and other Sulphur compounds... 

The usual way to achieve heterosubstitution of saturated hydrocarbons is by free-radical reactions. Halogenation, sulfochlorination, and nitration are among the most important transformations. Superacid-catalyzed electrophilic substitutions have also been developed. This clearly indicates that alkanes, once considered to be highly unreactive compounds (paraffins), can be readily functionalized not only in free-radical from but also via electrophilic activation. Electrophilic substitution, in turn, is the major transformation of aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Hydrocarbon types were estimated using the substractive method of Poulson (15,16) for the fractions boiling above 175°F. The hydrocarbon compound composition of the C5-175°F naphtha was determined by gas chromatography. Paraffin and naphthene contents of the 175°-350°F naphtha and of the 350°-550°F light oil were calculated from mass spectra. Liquid displacement chromatography on Florisil was used to determine the amount of polar material in the 550°-850°F heavy oil. 

Petroleum Products Products obtained from the processing of crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids and other miscellaneous hydrocarbon compounds. Includes aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jet fuel, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, ethane, liquefied petroleum gases, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, paraffin wax, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, still gas and other products. 

In recent years some data have been obtained on the content of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, paraffins and aromatic compounds, alcohols, etc.) in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, including the rocks of the cherty iron-formations. 

Separation of paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Liquid paraffinic hydrocarbons (such as pentane, hexane, and heptane) and liquid aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzene, toluene, and xylene) have different chemical characteristics for example, the paraffinic compounds are almost completely immiscible with liquid ethylene glycol, while aromatic compounds and ethylene glycol readily form homogeneous liquid mixtures. Parafflnics and aromatics may therefore be separated from each other by blending a mixture of the two... 

The common substance which we know as paraffin is composed of such hydrocarbon compounds. 

In our discussion we have shown the relation of the different groups to each other and the reactions by which, in some cases, we may pass from one to the other. Of the hydrocarbons which are the mother substances we have considered only the one series, viz., the saturated hydrocarbons or paraffins. Of the substitution products or their derivatives we have studied only the simplest members, viz., the mono-substitution products i.e.j those resulting from the substitution in the hydrocarbon chain of only one element or group. As the substituting elements and groups which we have considered include all of the more common ones we may say that we have studied the principal type compounds of the saturated series. 

Sfiica impregnated with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (squalene, paraffin oil), silicone and plant oils, complexing agents (silver ions, boric add and borates, unsaturated and aromatic compounds), tigands (EDTA, digitonin), and transition metal salts silanized silica gel impregnated with anionic and cationic surfactants Cross-linked, polymeric dextran gels (Sephadex)... 

Nitration with nitrogen dioxide alone Aromatic compounds Paraffin hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons... 

Alkane. A saturated (i.e., no double bonds) hydrocarbon compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. Also called paraffins. 

Kinetic modeling of diesel autothermal reforming is extremely complicated. Diesel fuel consists of a complex variable mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds containing paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and olefins. To simplify the model, a steady-state power law rate expression for the diesel reforming over each type of catalyst used in this study was developed. A linearized least-squares method of data analysis was used to determine the power law parameters from a series of diesel ATR experiments. The power law rate model for diesel autothermal reaction may be written as ... 

The products obtained from thermal cracking of plastics depend on the type of plastics, feeding arrangement, residence time, temperatures employed, reactor type, and condensation arrangement [42]. Reaction temperature and residence time have strong influence on the yield of pyrolysis products and the distribution of their components for plastic samples. Jude et al. conducted smdies on thermal cracking of LDPE in a batch reactor resulted in the production of a broad range of hydrocarbon compounds where the yield of aromatics and aliphatics (olefins and paraffins) deeply depended on the pyrolysis temperature and residence time. 

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