Prefixes. Greek

The lUPAC rules assign names to unbranched alkanes as shown m Table 2 2 Methane ethane propane and butane are retained for CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH3 respectively Thereafter the number of carbon atoms m the chain is specified by a Latin or Greek prefix preceding the suffix ane which identifies the com pound as a member of the alkane family Notice that the prefix n is not part of the lUPAC system The lUPAC name for CH3CH2CH2CH3 is butane not n butane... 

The system for naming the straight-chain hydrocarbons is based on an agreed-upon method of retaining the first three or four common names, then using Greek prefixes that indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain. For isomers, the same system is used, always using the name of the compound that is attached to the chain and the name of the chain. 

The first word gives the name of the element that appears first in the formula a Greek prefix (Table 2.4) is used to show the number of atoms of that element in the formula. 

Ionic compounds often separate from water solution with molecules of water incorporated into the solid. Such compounds are referred to as hydrates. An example is hydrated copper sulfate, which contains five moles of H20 for every mole of CuS04. Its formula is CuS04- 5H20 a dot is used to separate the formulas of the two compounds CuS04 and H20. A Greek prefix is used to show the number of moles of water the systematic name of CuS04- 5H20 is copper(ll) sulfate pentahydrate. 

The number of ligands of a particular type is ordinarily indicated by the Greek prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, hexaz... 

Step 4 If water molecules appear in the formula, the compound is a hydrate. Add the word hydrate with a Greek prefix corresponding to the number of water molecules in front of H20. 

Ionic compounds are named by starting with the name of the cation (with its oxidation number if more than one charge is possible), followed by the name of the anion hydrates are named by adding the word hydrate, preceded by a Greek prefix indicating the number of water molecules in the formula unit. 

Step 2 Add Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element. Mono- is usually omitted. 

First check to see whether the compounds are ionic or molecular. Many compounds that contain a metal are ionic. Write the symbol of the metal first, followed by the symbol of the nonmetal. The charges on the ions are determined as shown in Examples C.l and C.2. Subscripts are chosen to balance charges. Compounds of two nonmetals are normally molecular. Write their formulas by listing the symbols of the elements in the same order as in the name, with subscripts corresponding to the Greek prefixes used. 

Convert Greek prefixes into subscripts. di = 2 tri = 3. b2s3... 

Greek prefixes indicate the number of each type of ligand in the complex ion ... 

If the ligand already contains a Greek prefix (as in ethylenediamine) or if it is polydentate (able to attach at more than one binding site), then the following prefixes are used instead ... 

Ligands are named in alphabetical order, ignoring the Greek prefix that indicates the number of each one present. 

The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (disregarding the Greek prefixes) and attached to the root name. The names of substituents other than hydrocarbon groups are discussed more fully in Chapter 19 (see Toolbox 19.1). 

In the two equations above, notice that water is acting as an acid in one instance and as a base in the other. Substances like water that can act as an acid or a base depending on the circumstances are called amphoteric substances. The word comes from the Greek prefix ampho-, which means both. Water is the most common amphoteric substance, but amino acids, proteins, and some metal oxides—such as aluminum oxide (Al203) and zinc oxide (ZnO), for example—can also act as amphoteric substances. 

The hydrosphere (the Greek prefix hydro means water) is the great mass of water that surrounds the crust of the earth. Water is one of a few substances that, at the temperatures normal on the surface of the earth (which range between about -50 and 50°C), exists in three different states liquid, gas, and solid. Liquid water makes up the oceans, seas, and lakes, flows in rivers, and underground streams. Solid water (ice) occurs in the polar masses, in glaciers, and at high altitudes, and gaseous water (moisture) is part of the atmosphere (O Toole 1995). Liquid and solid water cover over 70% of the surface of the earth. 

Let us share an example. The body s hormone system is called the endocrine system. Endocrine comes from a Greek prefix that means within (endo-) and a Greek root word that means separate (krineiri). This makes sense when you realize that hormones are substances that carry instructions between separate organs within your body. By adding the suffix -ologist (which means one who studies) to... 

Hydrocarbon molecules that have only single bonds (C—C) are known as saturated hydrocarbons, whereas unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules have double or triple bonds (C=C or C=C). A very logical system that assigns names to the structures of these types of hydrocarbons uses Greek prefixes to identify the number of carbon atoms in a particular type of hydrocarbon molecule (see Table 2.2). 

Note Where it is desired to specify the chain length in an oligomer, the appropriate Greek prefix (deca, docosa, etc.) may be used. 

When it is possible to specify the chain length of a block, the appropriate Greek prefix (e.g. hecta for 100) may be used rather than poly. Although short sequence lengths are not strictly embraced within the definition of block , the same device may usefully be employed by using the general prefix oligo or the appropriate specific prefix (e.g. tri). 

A name is given to each elementary substance, that is, each substance which has not been decomposed the name generally expresses some characteristic property of the substance, or tells something about its origin or the place of its discovery. The names of compounds are formed by putting together the names of the elements which combine to produce them and the relative quantities of these elements are indicated either by the use of Latin or Greek prefixes, or by variations in the terminal syllables of the names of the elements. 

Continuing in the alkane series (also called the paraffin series because the first solid hydrocarbon in the series is paraffin, or candle wax), the next compound is pentane. This name is derived from the Greek word penta, for five. As its name implies, it has five carbon atoms, and its molecular formula is C,H12. From pentane on, the Greek prefix for the numbers five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and so on are used to name the alkanes, the Greek prefix corresponding to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The first four members of the alkane series do not use the Greek... 

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