Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and

Polybromo compounds (bromoform, s-tetrabromoethane) react similarly at 50°, but simple polychloro compounds (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroacetic acid) do not. 

Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. 

The physical piopeities of ethyl chloiide aie hsted in Table 1. At 0°C, 100 g ethyl chloride dissolve 0.07 g water and 100 g water dissolve 0.447 g ethyl chloride. The solubihty of water in ethyl chloride increases sharply with temperature to 0.36 g/100 g at 50°C. Ethyl chloride dissolves many organic substances, such as fats, oils, resins, and waxes, and it is also a solvent for sulfur and phosphoms. It is miscible with methyl and ethyl alcohols, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene. Butane, ethyl nitrite, and 2-methylbutane each have been reported to form a binary azeotrope with ethyl chloride, but the accuracy of this data is uncertain (1). 

Halogenated hydrocarbons depress cardiac contractility, decrease heart rate, and inhibit conductivity in the cardiac conducting system. The cardiac-toxicity of these compounds is related to the number of halogen atoms it increases first as the number of halogen atoms increases, but decreases after achieving the maximum toxicity when four halogen atoms are present. Some of these compounds, e.g., chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethylene, sensitize the heart to catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and thus increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmia. 

Yellow phosphorus was the first identified liver toxin. It causes accumulation of lipids in the liver. Several liver toxins such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and bromobenzene have since been identified. I he forms of acute liver toxicity are accumulation of lipids in the liver, hepartxiellular necrosis, iii-trahepatic cholestasis, and a disease state that resembles viral hepatitis. The types of chrome hepatotoxicity are cirrhosis and liver cancer. 

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, (C2H5)2N CS S Na+. This reagent is generally used as a 2 per cent aqueous solution it decomposes rapidly in solutions of low pH. It is an effective extraction reagent for over 20 metals into various organic solvents, such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol. The selectivity is enhanced by the control of pH and the addition of masking agents. 

Among methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and hexane, fast reaction rate was observed in methylene chloride or chloroform solvents, but slow... 

Wiberg has described the reactions of the silene Me2Si=C(SiMe3)2 with a wide variety of reagents and has reported on their relative rates of reaction (see Table VIII).98 174 Some silenes will add chlorogermanes and chlorostannanes174 as well as reactive organic halides such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzyl chloride. 

Mechanistically, the reaction in pentane with up to 35% methylene chloride is proposed to occur via a-cleavage (equations 133 and 134). Other reactions in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and 65% methylene chloride are proposed to occur by electron transfer to the chlorocarbon with initial formation of di-terf-butyloxoammonium chloride 290 and... 

Bergman K. 1979. Whole-body autoradiography and allied tracer techniques in distribution and elimination studies of some organic solvents. Benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene. Scand J Work Environ Health 5(Suppl 1) 263. 

Soluble in ethanol, ether (U.S. EPA, 1985) miscible with chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and tetrachloroethane. 

Chlorinated derivatives of methane include methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and several chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs). We discuss carbon tetrachloride (CT) as a representative example of this group. CT was originally prepared in 1839 and was one of the first organic chemicals to be produced on a large scale by the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century. CT is the most toxic of the chloromethanes and the most unstable on thermal oxidation (Holbrook 2000). 

White or light-yellow crystalline solid (or amorphous sohd depending on the method of production) odor of HCl hygroscopic melts at 190°C at 2.5 atm sublimes at 181.2°C density 2.44 g/cm at 25°C decomposes in water evolving heat soluble in HCl soluble in many organic solvents, including absolute ethanol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and ether slightly soluble in benzene. 

Colorless, mobde hquid turns yellow on standing very pungent odor refractive index 1.4437 at 20°C density 1.667 g/mL at 20°C vapors heavier than air, vapor density 4.7 (air=l) melts at -51°C bods at 69.4°C sparingly soluble in water, decomposing slowly to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids forms a hydrate S02C12 I5H2O with ice-cold water miscible with benzene, toluene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and glacial acetic acid decomposed by alkalies (violent reaction occurs)... 

White monoclinic crystals density 5.09 g/cm melts at 64°C (triple point) sublimes at 56.6°C critical temperature 232.65°C critical pressure 46 atm critical volume 250 cm /mol reacts with water forming UO2F2 and HF soluble in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and fluorocarbon solvents soluble in liquid chlorine and bromine dissolves in nitrobenzene to form a dark red solution that fumes in air. 

NAS. 1978. Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and other halomethanes and environmental assessment. Washington, DC National Academy of Sciences. 

Occupationally, liver injury is most likely to occur following exposure to vapors of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and bromobenzene), which may enter the bloodstream via the pulmonary route. However, hepatotoxins may enter the gastrointestinal tract, and hence the liver, in the form of fine particles. They are inhaled, then expelled from the bronchi or trachea into the oral cavity, and swallowed with saliva. 

The solubility of nitroguanidine in organic solvents is limited. Desvergnes [31] determined its solubility in various solvents water, acetone, methyl and ethyl alcohols, ethyl acetate, ether, benzene, toluene, pyridine, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and carbon sulphide. In all these liquids the solubility of nitroguanidine is negligible, the highest value—for pyridine—being 1.75 g/100 ml at 19°C. 

Figure 8. Effect of methylene dichloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and bromoform on the preflame and ignition characteristics of benzene...

The monochloride is soluble in various inert organic liquids, more particularly in benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulphide, without undergoing chemical change. It is an exothermic compound, its heat of formation from gaseous chlorine and the amorphous modification of selenium being 22-1 Cals.1 Water causes a gradual decomposition of the chloride, selenium dioxide and selenium being formed 2... 

Benzoic acid and other carboxylic acids have been shown to be associated with double molecules in solution in certain solvents, such as benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide.88 The value 4.2 kcal/mole for the hydrogen-bond energy has been found in this way for benzoic acid and o-toluic acid, and 4.7 kcal/mole for ftZr-toluic acid. 

The product is moderately soluble in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene it may be recovered unchanged from the perfectly dry solvents. 

Soluble in water with some decomposition forming fluoroboric and boric acids somewhat soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid soluble in benzene, dichlorobenzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide.1,2... 

Andelman, J.B. (1978) Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Other Halomethanes An Environmental Assessment. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 

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