Carbohydrates simple

The Latin word for sugar is saccharum and the derived term saccharide is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification A monosaccharide is a simple carbohydrate one that on attempted hydrolysis is not cleaved to smaller carbohydrates Glucose (C6H12O6)... 

The chair conformation of cyclohexane has many consequences. We ll see in Section 1.1.9, for instance, that the chemical behavior of many substituted cyclohexanes is influenced by their conformation. In addition, we ll see in Section 2S.5 that simple carbohydrates such as glucose adopt a conformation based on the cyclohexane chair and that their chemistry is directly affected as a result. 

The word carbohydrate derives historically from the fact that glucose, the first simple carbohydrate to be obtained pure, has the molecular formula C6H,206 and was originally thought to be a "hydrate of carbon, C6(Tl20)6." This view was soon abandoned, but the name persisted. Today, the term carbohydrate is used to refer loosely to the broad class of polyhydroxvlated aldehydes and ketones commonly called sugars. Glucose, also known as dextrose in medical work, is the most familiar example. 

Photosynthesis is an energy-building process involving biosynthesis of simple carbohydrates such as glucose and starch from inorganic materials such as carbon dioxide and... 

Green, John W., The Halogen Oxidation of Simple Carbohydrates, Excluding the Action of Periodic Acid, III, 129-184... 

Precursors of phenylpropanoids are synthesized from two basic pathways the shikimic acid pathway and the malonic pathway (see Fig. 3.1). The shikimic acid pathway produces most plant phenolics, whereas the malonic pathway, which is an important source of phenolics in fungi and bacteria, is less significant in higher plants. The shikimate pathway converts simple carbohydrate precursors into the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The synthesis of an intermediate in this pathway, shikimic acid, is blocked by the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (i.e., Roundup). Because animals do not possess this synthetic pathway, they have no way to synthesize the three aromatic amino acids (i.e., phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan), which are therefore essential nutrients in animal diets. 

Ring B and the central three-carbon bridge forming the C ring (see Fig. 5.1) originate from the amino acid phenylalanine, itself a product of the shikimate pathway, a plastid-based process which generates aromatic amino acids from simple carbohydrate building blocks. Phenylalanine, and to a lesser extent tyrosine, are then fed into flavonoid biosynthesis via phenylpropanoid (C6-C3) metabolism (see Fig. 5.1). 

A monosaccharide is composed of one saccharide unit. Thus, it is the smallest molecule possible for a carbohydrate. A monosaccharide is often called a simple carbohydrate, or simple sugar. Glucose, seen in Figure 2.17, on the previous page, is one example of a monosaccharide. Other monosaccharides include fructose, galactose, and mannose. 

This chapter reviews the adsorptive separations of various classes of non-aromatic hydrocarbons. It covers three different normal paraffin molecular weight separations from feedstocks that range from naphtha to kerosene, the separation of mono-methyl paraffins from kerosene and the separation of mono-olefins both from a mixed C4 stream and from a kerosene stream. In addition, we also review the separation of olefins from a C10-16 stream and review simple carbohydrate separations and various acid separations. 

Carbohydrates Ultimately, carbohydrates cire the product of photosynthesis, the process in plants that combines carbon dioxide, water, and energy with chlorophyll and other biomolecules to produce Ccirbohy-drates and release oxygen gas. The major carbohydrate formed during photosynthesis is glucose. Plants and animals sometimes combine simple carbohydrates such as glucose into more complicated carbohydrates such as stcirch, glycogen, and cellulose. 

John W. Green, The Halogen Oxidation of Simple Carbohydrates,... 

Carbohydrates such as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses and polysaccharides are extremely important molecules in nature. The biological significance of oligosaccharides for cell-cell interaction is increasingly understood (Fukuda and Hindsgaul, 1994). The simple carbohydrates are the building blocks of oligo- and polysaccharides. Biocatalysis... 

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