Receptors, artificial

Calixarenes (from the Latin ca/ x) may be understood as artificial receptor analogues of the natural cyclodextrins (96,97). In its prototypical form they feature a macrocycHc metacyclophane framework bearing protonizable hydroxy groups made from condensation of -substituted phenols with formaldehyde (Fig. 15b). Dependent on the ring size, benzene derivatives are the substrates most commonly included into the calix cavity (98), but other interesting substrates such as C q have also been accommodated (Fig. 8c) (45). 

Isoquinolines have been shown to useful as artificial receptors for resorcinol. The Pictet-Gams reaction offers a short and efficient route to the complex triisoquinoline (33) artificial receptor. 

Formation of artificial receptors by interaction of metal with macroheterocycles as templates 97CRV1669. 

Introduction of heme residues and different artificial receptors in protein molecules in chemical modification of structures and functions of proteins by the cofactor reconstruction method 99Ef0539. 

Porphyrin-based diboronic acids as artificial receptors for saccharides 98YGK831. 

Covalent and noncovalent combination of porphyrins as well as calix[4]arenes, resorcin[4]arenes including macroheterocyclic fragments, and cyclodextrins by construction of supramolecular artificial receptors 98EJ02689. 

Jacques V, Desreux JF (2002) New Classes of MRI Contrast Agents. 221 123-164 James TD, Shinkai S (2002) Artificial Receptors as Chemosensors for Carbohydrates. 218 159-200... 

James TD, Shinkai S (2002) Artificial Receptors as Chemosensors for Carbohydrates. 218 ... 

A. Bemardi, L. Carrettoni, A. Grosso Ciponte, D. Montib, and S. Sonnino, Second generation mimics of ganglioside GM1 as artificial receptors for Cholera Toxin Replacement of the sialic acid moiety, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10 (2000) 2197-2200. 

The selectivity and sensitivity of biosensors are governed by the biocatalyst. Commonly used biocatalysts in biosensors are enzymes [10, 11], antibodies [12, 13], whole cells [14], and artificial receptors such as molecularly imprinted polymers [15, 16],... 

Molecular recognition, 16 768-811 24 31 at the air-water interface, 16 799-800 artificial receptors for substrate recognition, 16 792-794 charge attraction dominated, 16 779-781 chiral recognition, 16 789-791 hydrogen bond dominated, 16 781-782 at interfaces and surface monolayers, 16 796-801... 

Shinkai S. (1997) Aqueous Sugar Sensing by Boronic-Acid-Based Artificial Receptors, in Desvergne J.-P. and Czarnik A. W. (Eds), Chemosensors of Ion and Molecule Recognition, NATO ASI series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 37-59. 

Schmuck C, Wich P (2007) The Development of Artificial Receptors for Small Peptides Using Combinatorial Approaches. 277 3-30 School S, see Wolter F (2007) 267 143-185... 

The size of these macrocycles and their cage-like structure renders them suitable to serve as host molecules or artificial receptors for small molecules, in addition to having possible biological activity. 

I Tabushi, Y Kuroda, T Mizutani. Artificial receptors for amino acids in water. Local environmental effect on polar recognition by 6A-amino-6B-carboxy-and 6B-amino-6A-carboxy-/3-cyclodextrins. J Am Chem Soc 108 4514-4518, 1986. 

Haupt, K., Molecularly imprinted polymers Artificial receptors for affinity separations, in Handbook of Affinity Chromatography, 2nd edn., Hage, D.S., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005, Chap. 30. 

Studies on molecular recognition by artificial receptors are thus one of the most important approaches to such characterization in relation to supramolecular chemistry [4]. Functional simulation of intracellular receptors in aqueous media has been actively carried out with attention to various noncovalent host-guest interactions, such as hydrophobic, electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, charge-transfer, and van der Waals modes [5-10]. On the other hand, molecular recognition by artificial cell-surface receptors embedded in supramolecular assemblies has been scarcely studied up to the present time, except for channel-linked receptors [11-13]. 

---