Latin Honors

Electrons in the outermost occupied shell of any atom may play a significant role in that atoms chemical properties, including its ability to form chemical bonds. To indicate their importance, these electrons are called valence electrons (from the Latin valentia, strength ), and the shell they occupy is called the valence shell. Valence electrons can be conveniently represented as a series of dots surrounding an atomic symbol. This notation is called an electron-dot structure or, sometimes, a Lewis dot symbol, in honor of the American chemist G. N. Lewis, who first proposed the concepts of shells and valence electrons. Figure 6.2 shows the electron-dot structures for the atoms important in our discussions of ionic and covalent bonds. (Atoms of elements in groups 3 through 12 form metallic bonds, which we ll study in Chapter 18.)... 

The word cereal derives from the name of the Roman goddess, Ceres, in whose honor a spring festival, The Cerealis, was celebrated. This indicates the antiquity of these foods and the reverence with which they were esteemed. The latter probably reflected the important role cereals played in the diets of ancient peoples. Cereals are still an important dietary ingredient. As the world population continues to grow, cereals will become an increasing fraction of the diets for more and more people. That is recognized by the use of an ear of wheat as the symbol of the FAO. Below the wheat is the Latin inscription, Fiat pants (Let there be bread) (1). 

Tellurium is often found with another element, selenium. That element was discovered 30 years later and named in honor of the moon. In Latin, the word for moon is sekne. 

In a similar vein, suggestions have been made that all transactinide elements be named by a system that translates the atomic number into a latinized name with a three-letter( ) symbol that is a one-to-one letter equivalent of the atomic number.- Within this scheme, rutherfordium (Z = 104) would become unnilquadium, Unq, according to the formula un = I, nil = 0, and quad = 4, and hahnium would become unnilpentium, Unp. One cannot help wondering If the atomic number, atomic symbol, and elemental name must needs become completely redundant, why is element 104" thought to be inadequate for the purpose - However, the lUPAC calls these temporary names" to be used until a suitable name can be agreed upon, which, it is hoped, will be chosen in the time-honored manner. 

Radium was first isolated in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and her husband, Pierre Curie. They were studying the radioactivity of pitchblende, a uranium-rich ore, and noticed that the ore was still radioactive with all the uranium removed. After years of painstaking work, the Curies eventually isolated radium and named it for the Latin word radius, meaning ray. For this work, Madame Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, her second such honor (the first one, in physics, shared with her husband and Henri Becquerel in 1903 for their initial studies of radioactivity). 

A physical quantity is composed of a dimensionless number and the unit. If a car is moving with 90kmh, as referred to commonly in newspapers, then 90 is the dimensionless number and kmh is the unit. Here we must take care because in the present case kmh is an abbreviation for a composed unit. In particular, kmh does not mean km h, but it means km h and what is given in the newspapers is not just wrong, but it is highly misleading. Even in the sciences, we have sometimes such a situation. For example, the unit for the pressure is Pa, i.e., Pascal, in honor to Blaise PascalJ On the other hand. Pa may be understood as Peta years, with P for 10 and a as the abbreviation for year, from the Latin word annum. 

A large number of elements—15, to be precise—have come from the place where their discoverer hved, or wished to honor americium, berkelium, californium, darmstadtium, europium, francium, germanium, hassium, polonium, gal-hum, hafhium, lutetium, rhenium, ruthenium, and scandium. Yet other element names are derived finm geographical locations connected with minerak in which they were found. This category includes the remarkable case of four elements named after the Swedish village of Ytterby, which lies close to Stockholm. Erbium, terbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were all found in ores located around this village, while a fifth element, hohnium, was named after the Latin for Stockholm. 

Typhus is caused by the rickettsial Rickettsia prowazekii and most often spread by another arthropod, the body louse. The Latin name was given in honor of Ricketts and another pioneering researcher, Stanislas von Prowazek. Both scientists eventually died from typhus as a result of their research. 

A chemical element (number 107) named in honor of Bohr hafiiium, element number 72, whose properties were predicted by Bohr, was named by him after Hafnia, Copenhagen s Latin name. 

In IHC 2002, the idea became a plan, and IHC started to alternate every other year with the Latin-American Conference in HCI (CLIHC). The first edition of CLIHC was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2003, the 2 in Mexico in 2005, and its 3 edition will be organized as part of INTERACT 2007. In 2006, for the first time IHC proceedings have been published in ACM/DL. Finally, in 2007, the Brazilian HCI community is honored to be hosting INTERACT, in its first edition south of the equator. 

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