Names Latin origin

Aluminium - the atomic number is 13 and the chemical symbol is Al. Although the name was originally called alumium, it was later changed to aluminum. Internationally, the element is referred to as alviminium, to conform with the ium ending of most metallic elements. The name derives from the Latin, alum and alumen for stringent , since the early Romans called any substance with a stringent taste alum. The element was known in prehistoric times. In 1825, the Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oersted, isolated impure aluminium. The pure metal was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Wohler in 1827. 

Silicon - the atomic number is 14 and the chemical symbol is Si. The name was originally silicium because it was thought to be a metal. When this was shown to be incorrect, the name was changed to silicon, which derives from the Latin silex and silicis for flint . Amorphous silicon was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1824. CiystalUne silicon was first prepared by the French chemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854. 

ORIGIN OF NAME Latin word Gallia, meaning "Gaul," an early name for France. 

Catenanes, as the name of Latin origin suggests (catena = chain), are chain-like molecules composed of at least two cyclic compounds (i.e., a [2]catenane) that are not covalently linked to one another but nevertheless cannot be separated unless covalent bond breakage occurs. Catenanes thus belong, together with rotaxanes (Section 14.12.4.1), to the wider family of interlocked molecules. 

There is some merit in the simplified reproduction of phi as f. However, ph will presumably be used forever in the names of botanical and zoological species and in medical terms, and it is desirable that chemical names derived from these terms should conserve the same spelling (physostigmine, physalin, phthiocol). It is unwise to spell phosphorus with f as long as the chemical symbol is P. It therefore seems most rational to adhere strictly to the Latin transliteration of Greek words and to spell words of Latin origin in the same way as the words from which they are derived. 

Man has since times immemorial used many products from the plant kingdom or minerals to stimnlate and facilitate defecation. The procedure of evacuation has from time to time been surrounded by religious ideas, which have influenced alternative names for laxatives such as cathartics, purgatives and aperients (words of Greek and Latin origin, meaning to purify or clean). 

All of these units can be expressed in parts of or multiples of 10. The names of these multiples are created by the use of prefixes of Greek and Latin origin. This is best illustrated by Table 1-3. These symbols can be used with any kind of unit to denote size, e.g., nanosecond (ns), millimol (mmol), kilometer (km). Some of the properties conunonly measured in the laboratory will be discussed in detail in a following section. 

The names for severai of the unbranched aikanes are iisted in Tabie 4.2. The ending for aii of the names of aikanes is -ane. The stems of the names of most of the aikanes (above C4) are of Greek and Latin origin. Learning the stems is iike iearning to count in organic chemistry. Thus, one, two, three, four, and five become meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, and pent-. 

The name zinc originates from the Latin word denoting leucoma or white deposit. Some scholars relate zinc to the German word zink, which means lead. 

Another method proposed by J. Berzelius—calcination of potassium fluorosilicate with an excess of potassium—proved to be more successful and straightforward. The sintered mass was decomposed with water and, as a result, pure amorphous silicon was obtained. J. Berzelius showed that upon calcination silicon was transformed into silica this makes Berzelius the discoverer of silicon. Crystalline silicon was obtained in 1854 by A. Saint Claire Deville during separation of metallic aluminium (see p. 109). The Latin name silicium originates from silex meaning a hard stone . 

Several elements were never officially discovered, or at least their discoverers are unknown in the annals of history. These elements date to a time period between prehistoric times and the Middle Ages. Their names were originally in Latin, and their symbols today still reflect that origin. Lead, for example, was known as plumbum, hence its symbol Pb. Until fairly recently, most pipes were made of lead, from which was derived the vford plumbing. 

Many carboxylic acids were first isolated from natural sources and were given names based on their origin. Fonnic acid (Latin formica, meaning ant ) was obtained by distilling ants. Since ancient times acetic acid (Latin acetum, for vinegar ) has been known to be present in wine that has turned sour. Butyric acid (Latin butyrum, meaning butter ) contributes to the odor of both rancid butter and ginkgo benies, and lactic acid (Latin lac, for milk ) has been isolated from sour milk. 

If the complex has an overall negative charge (an anionic complex), the suffix -ate is added to the stem of the metal s name. If the symbol of the metal originates from a Latin name (as listed in Appendix 2D), then the Latin stem is used. For example, the symbol for iron is Fe, from the Latin ferrum. Therefore, any anionic complex of iron ends with -ferrate followed by the oxidation number of the metal in Roman numerals ... 

The following ten elements, whose original names were Latin words, also have mismatched names and symbols ... 

The Latin classical name of the tree was larix, but the authorities have not found any historical relationship of the French to the Latin name they classify mil eze as originating in Alpine patois. The word larix occurs many times in Pliny s Natural History. 

Figure 5.26. Running along the centre of the tube is a primitive chain. This is the shortest path down the tube. The deviations of the polymer chain from this path can be considered as defects. The motion of these kinks or defects in the chain away from the primitive path allows the chain to move within the tube. The polymer creeps through the tube, losing its original constraints and gradually creating a new portion of tube. This reptilian-like motion of the chain was named by de Gennes from the Latin reptare, to creep, hence reptation.

Sulphur (S, [Ne]3.s,23/ 4), name and symbol from the Latin word sulphurium originated the Indo-European word suelphlos derived from swel (to burn slowly). Known since ancient times. 

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