Interpenetrating polymers

Tire Cord. Melamine resins are also used to improve the adhesion of mbber to reinforcing cord in tires. Textile cord is normally coated with a latex dip solution composed of a vinylpyridine—styrene—butadiene latex mbber containing resorcinol—formaldehyde resin.. The dip coat is cured prior to use. The dip coat improves the adhesion of the textile cord to mbber. Further improvement in adhesion is provided by adding resorcinol and hexa(methoxymethyl) melamine [3089-11 -0] (HMMM) to the mbber compound which is in contact with the textile cord. The HMMM resin and resorcinol cross-link during mbber vulcanization and cure to form an interpenetrating polymer within the mbber matrix which strengthens or reinforces the mbber and increases adhesion to the textile cord. Brass-coated steel cord is also widely used in tires for reinforcement. Steel belts and bead wire are common apphcations. Again, HMMM resins and resorcinol [108-46-3] are used in the mbber compound which is in contact with the steel cord to reinforce the mbber and increase the adhesion of the mbber to the steel cord. This use of melamine resins is described in the patent Hterature (49). 

Peroxides or other additives, eg, chlorinated paraffin, may also cause the thermoplastic resin to cross-link with the siloxanols. In this case, a tme interpenetrating polymer network forms, in which both phases are cross-linked. 

Hyperbranched polyurethanes are constmcted using phenol-blocked trifunctional monomers in combination with 4-methylbenzyl alcohol for end capping (11). Polyurethane interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are mixtures of two cross-linked polymer networks, prepared by latex blending, sequential polymerization, or simultaneous polymerization. IPNs have improved mechanical properties, as weU as thermal stabiHties, compared to the single cross-linked polymers. In pseudo-IPNs, only one of the involved polymers is cross-linked. Numerous polymers are involved in the formation of polyurethane-derived IPNs (12). 

Where the polyurethane comprises <30% of the blend, the polyurethane remains in discrete droplets within the polyacetal matrix. In this range the particle size and particle size distribution of the elastomer particles are of importance. Where the elastomer component is in excess of 30%, interpenetrating polymer networks exist in the sense that there are two interpenetrating continuous phases (as opposed to two cross-linked interpenetrating polymer systems). 

Over the years many blends of polyurethanes with other polymers have been prepared. One recent example is the blending of polyurethane intermediates with methyl methacrylate monomer and some unsaturated polyester resin. With a suitable balance of catalysts and initiators, addition and rearrangement reactions occur simultaneously but independently to give interpenetrating polymer networks. The use of the acrylic monomer lowers cost and viscosity whilst blends with 20% (MMA + polyester) have a superior impact strength. 

Sheu and coworkers [111] produced polysty-rene-polydivinylbenzene latex interpenetrating polymer networks by the seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene-divinylbenzene in the crosslinked uniform polystyrene particles. In this study, a series of uniform polystyrene latexes with different sizes between 0.6 and 8.1... 

Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) A subclass of PBs reserved for the mixture of two polymers where both components form a continuous phase and at least one is synthesized or crosslinked in the presence of the other [8]. 

L. H. Sperling, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks and Related Materials, Plenum Press, New York (1981). 

To prepare an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure, PU networks having ACPA units were immersed with MMA and polymerized. PU-PMMA semi-lPN thus formed was given improved interfacial strength between PU and PMMA phases and showed flexibility with enforced tear strength [65,66]. 

The advances in polymer blending and alloying technology have occurred through three routes (1) similar-rheology polymer pairs, (2) miscible polymers such as polyphenylene oxide and polystyrene, or (3) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). All these systems were limited to specific polymer combinations that have an inherent physical affinity for each other. However with... 

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) is defined as a material comprising two or more networks which are at least partly interlaced on a molecular scale, hut not covalently bonded to each other. These networks caimot he separated unless chemical bonds are broken. Two possible methods exist for preparing them, as follows ... 

IPNs are found in many applications though this is not always recognised. For example conventional crosslinked polyester resins, where the polyester is unsaturated and crosslinks are formed by copolymerisation with styrene, is a material which falls within the definition of an interpenetrating polymer network. Experimental polymers for use as surface coatings have also been prepared from IPNs, such as epoxy-urethane-acrylic networks, and have been found to have promising properties. 

The ultimate goal of bulk modification endows with the polymer-specific surface composition or a specific property for a given application. The bulk modification can be classified into blending, copolymerization, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), etc. 

Radio-chemical graft copolymerization with good efficiency on halogenated polyolefins has been carried out by contacting the substrate with monomer (styrene) vapor [158,159]. Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) could be made by grafting the monomers on preirradiated substrates... 

Davis, P. A. Nicolais, L., Ambrosio, L., and Huang, S. J., Synthesis and characterization of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(capro-lactone), Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 56, 536-540, 1987. 

The use of interpenetrating donor-acceptor heterojunctions, such as PPVs/C60 composites, polymer/CdS composites, and interpenetrating polymer networks, substantially improves photoconductivity, and thus the quantum efficiency, of polymer-based photo-voltaics. In these devices, an exciton is photogenerated in the active material, diffuses toward the donor-acceptor interface, and dissociates via charge transfer across the interface. The internal electric field set up by the difference between the electrode energy levels, along with the donor-acceptor morphology, controls the quantum efficiency of the PV cell (Fig. 51). 

Polymers with Spatially Graded Morphologies Designed from Photo-Induced Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)... 

Interpellet porosity, 25 294 Interpenetrated wall matrix, in hollow-fiber membranes, 76 15 Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), 79 834... 

Semi-gloss alkyd paint formulation, 18 6 It Semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) approaches, 10 436 Semi-IPN (interpenetrating polymer network) hydrogels, 13 733 Semikilled steels, 23 291 Semimoist pet foods, 10 849 Semipermanent cells, 14 228 Semiphorone, 14 583 Semiportable mri system, 23 860-861 Semiregenerative reforming operations, 25 166... 

Klempner, D., Frisch, K. C., Eds. Advances in Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Technomic Publishing Lancaster, PA, 1994 Vol. IV. 

Frisch, H. L. Du, Y. Schultz, M. Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) Materials. In Polymer Networks. Principles of Their Formation Structure and Properties-, Stepto, R. F. T., Ed. Blackie Academic London, 1998 pp 186-214. 

So, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with a weight ratio of vinyl alcohol residue in PVA to acrylic acid monomer 4 6 exhibit positive swelling changes with temperature but IPNs 6 4 evidence negative swelling ones [48],... 

Formation of industrially usable interpenetrating polymer networks derived from caster oil is described in Chapter 27. Products can vary from soft and flexible to hard and tough. 

Materials known as interpenetrating polymer networks, IPN s, contain two or more polymers, each in network form (6 9), A practical restriction requires that at least one of the polymer networks has been formed (i.e. polymerized or crosslinked) in the immediate presence of the other. Two major types of synthesis have been explored, both yielding distinguishable materials with different morphologies and physical properties. 

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