Interpenetrating polymer networks microscopy

Abbreviations y x AFM AIBN BuMA Ca DCP DMA DMS DSC EGDMA EMA EPDM FT-IR HDPE HTV IPN LDPE LLDPE MA MAA MDI MMA PA PAC PB PBT PBuMA PDMS PDMS-NH2 interfacial tension viscosity ratio atomic force microscopy 2,2 -azobis(isobutyronitrile) butyl methacrylate capillary number dicumyl peroxide dynamic mechanical analysis dynamic mechanical spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ethyl methacrylate ethylene-propylene-diene rubber Fourier transform-infra-red high density polyethylene high temperature vulcanization interpenetrating polymer network low density polyethylene linear low density polyethylene maleic anhydride methacrylic acid 4,4 -diphenylmethanediisocyanate methyl methacrylate poly( amide) poly( acrylate) poly(butadiene) poly(butylene terephtalate) poly(butyl methacrylate) poly(dimethylsiloxane) amino-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane)... 

Huelck, V. Thomas, D.A. Sperling, L.H. Interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate). I. Morphology via electron microscopy and II. Physical and mechanical behavior. Macromolecules 1972, 5 (4), 340-348. 

A. FIPN s, PDIPN s and linear blends of poly(2,6-dimethy1-1,4-phenylene oxide) and polystyrene all exhibited single phase behavior as evidenced by glass transition analysis and electron microscopy. Thus, for the first time, true interpenetrating polymer networks have been produced, i.e., homogeneous morphology with little or no possibilities of covalent bonds between the component pol3nners. 

Styrene-c< -acrylic acid Single loss peak microscopy I had tertiary amine group II had 15 or 30 moI% acrylic acid linear blend of I and II or interpenetrating polymer network of I and II Hsieh and Chon (1989)... 

B. N. Kolarz, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Part II. Poly(methacrylic acid co-divinyl benzene)-Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene), Report No. 8, Instytut Technologii Organicznej I Tworzyw Sztucznych (1979). IPNs of Polystyrene/Poly(methacrylic acid). Electron microscopy showing inhomogeneities within each network and between networks. Theory of interpenetration vs. void filling. Ion exchange properties. 

M. Matsuo, T. K. Kwei, D. Klempner, and H. L. Frisch, Structure Property Relations in Polyacrylate-Poly(urethane-urea) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks, Polym. Eng. Sci. 10(6), 327 (1970). Polyacrylate/polyurethane urea lENs. Polyurethane/ureapolyacrylate lENs. Morphology via electron microscopy. 

G. M. Yenwo, L. H. Sperling, J. A. Manson, and A. Conde, Castor Oil Based Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. III. Characterization and Morphology, in Chemistry and Properties of Crosslinked Polymers, S. S. Labana, ed.. Academic, New York (1977). Castor oil-urethane/PS IPNs. Morphology via electron microscopy. 

Figure 5 Morphology of various polybutadiene-polystyrene sequential interpenetrating polymer networks and graft copolymers via transmission electron microscopy. The double bonds in the polybutadiene are stained dark with osmium...

Burford R P, Markotsis M G and Knott R B (2003) Small angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy studies of interpenetrating polymers networks from thermoplastic elastomers, Nud Instrum Meth in Phys Res Sect B 208 58-65. 

As will be shown, model systems for cells employing lipids or composed of polymers have been in existence for some time. Model systems for coccolith-type structures are well known on the nanoscale in inorganic and materials chemistry. Indeed, many complex metal oxides crystallize into approximations of spherical networks. Often, though, the spherical motif interpenetrates other spheres making the formation of discrete spheres rare. Inorganic clusters such as quantum dots may appear as microscopic spheres, particularly when visualized by scanning electron microscopy, but they are not hollow, nor do they contain voids that would be of value as sites for molecular recognition. All these examples have the outward appearance of cells but not all function as capsules for host molecules. 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) involves scanning an electron beam (5-lOnm) across a surface and then detecting the scattered electrons. Literature abounds, with work focussing on the use of SEM in the fracture and failure of epoxy resins and other thermoset polymers. Also work on multiphase thermosets (thermoset-thermoplastic blends, thermoset nanocomposites, interpenetrating network (IPN) polymers) is abundant. 

Blending of polyacetylene with polybutadiene provides an avenue for property enhancement as well as new approaches to structural studies. As the composition of the polyacetylene component is increased, an interpenetrating network of the polymer in the polybutadiene matrix evolves from a particulate distribution. The mechanical and electrical properties of these blends are very sensitive to the composition and the nature of the microstructure. The microstructure and the resulting electrical properties can be further influenced by stress induced ordering subsequent to doping. This effect is most dramatic for blends of intermediate composition. The properties of the blend both prior and subsequent to stretching are explained in terms of a proposed structural model. Direct evidence for this model has been provided in this paper based upon scanning and transmission electron microscopy. 

Further confirmation of these conclusions has been provided by Isenburg et ai (1971) and Isenburg and Vanderhoff (1973), who examined the microstructure of a latex-modified mortar using scanning electron microscopy. The interpenetrating network of polymer appears to encapsulate the sand grains with a thin layer of polymer and to resist the propagation of microcracks when a load is applied such cracks are always present in... 

N. Devia, J. A. Manson, and L. H. Sperling, Simultaneous Interpenetrating Networks Based on Castor Oil Elastomers and Polystyrene. III. Morphology and Glass Transition Behavior, Polym. Eng. Sci. 19(12), 869 (1979). Castor oil-polyester/styrene SINs. Electron microscopy and Tg. Studies in phase domain formation. 

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