Filled Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

However, in order to postulate a compatibilizing action, one must observe a remarkable broadening of the maxima of relaxation or two relaxation maxima eroding into one maximum. Such effects are much more pronounced for filled interpenetrating polymer networks (see 7.5 ). 

In interpenetrating polymer networks, chemical crosslinking and phase separation and their timing affect properties. Fumed silica, alumina, and carbon fiber were used in a network developed Ifom polyurethane and polycslcracrylalc. The presence of fillers affected many properties. Conversion rates were higher in the presence of fillers. Also, microphase separation was affected. As a result of these two changes the filled material was unrecognizable from the unfilled material. 

Electrical properties such as conductivity, resistivity, I (current)-V (voltage) characteristics of vegetable oil-based polyurethane nanocomposites are sometimes influenced by nanocomposite formation with a suitable nanomaterial. BaTiOs superfine fibre-filled castor oil-modified polyure-thane/poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer network nanocomposites exhibit an increase in conductivity between insulator and semiconductor with an increase in nanofibre loading. ... 

Chen, S., Wang, Q., Wang, T., Pei, X. Preparation, damping and thermal properties of potassium tltanate whiskers filled castor oil-based polyurethane/epoxy Interpenetrating polymer network composites. Mater. Des. 32, 803-807 (2011)... 

B. N. Kolarz, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Part II. Poly(methacrylic acid co-divinyl benzene)-Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene), Report No. 8, Instytut Technologii Organicznej I Tworzyw Sztucznych (1979). IPNs of Polystyrene/Poly(methacrylic acid). Electron microscopy showing inhomogeneities within each network and between networks. Theory of interpenetration vs. void filling. Ion exchange properties. 

The first work dedicated to filled interpenetrating pol5mier networks was published in 1974. The possibility to change many physical and mechanical properties by introducing filler initiated the development of studying such systems as a potential hybrid binders for polymer composites. 

Brovko 0 0, Fainleib A M, Slinchenko E A, Dubkova V I and Sergeeva L M (2001) Filled semi-interpenetrating polymer networks formation kinetics and properties. Compos Polym Mat 23(2) 85-91. 

Eleonora G. Privalko - Senior researcher. Department of Polymer Thermophysics (DePTh), Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. She graduated in Polymer Chemistry from the Shevchenko State University (Kyiv) and got her PhD (Polymer Chemistry) in the Institute of Macro-molecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1989). Areas of research thermodynamic properties and mechanical performance of heterogeneous polymer materials (filled polymers, polymer blends, interpenetrating polymer networks, polymer nanocomposites). Visiting positions NATO Research Fellow, National Technical University of Athens, Greece. Publications over 50 papers in refereed journals. 

Brovko O O, Sergeeva L M, Kuznetsova V P and Lemeshko V N (1998) Dynamic mechanical studies of polyurethane-polyurethane semi-interpenetrating polymer networks filled with 7-Fe203, Eur Polym J 35 2045-2050. 

Brovko A A, Sergeeva L M, Slinchenko E A and Fainleib A M (1996) Dynamic mechanical study of filled semi-interpenetrating polymer networks Influence of 7-Fe203 on microphase structure, Polym Int 40 299-305. 

See also Biodegradable polymer networks Filled silicone networks Interpenetrating networks (IPNs) Model silicone networks Monodisperse model networks ... 

Physical or chemical modification methods have been employed to increase the toughness of polymer materials. The chemical modifications include random copolymerization, block copolymerization, grafting, etc. the physical ones include blending, reinforcing, filling, interpenetrating networks etc. [24-26]. 

There are several kinds of such composites, including the polymers filled in situ by inorganic particles, hybrids formed on simultaneous formation of interpenetrating organic and inorganic networks, and materials obtained by the introduction of organic substances into the polymer inorganic networks. 

Jeevananda, T., Mimeera, B., and Siddaramaiah. 2001. Studies on polyaniline filled PU/PMA interpenetrating p>olymer networks. European Polymer Journal 37(6) 1213-1218. 

---