Chitosan interpenetrating polymer networks

Yin LC, Fei LK, Cui FY et al (2007) Superporous hydrogels containing poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/0-carboxymethyl chitosan interpenetrating polymer networks. Biranaterials... 

Yao K, Peng T, Xu M, Yuan C, Goosen MFA, Zhang Q, Ren L (1994) pH-dependent hydrolysis and drug release of chitosan/polyether interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel. Polymer Int. 34 213-219... 

X. Chen, W. Li, W. Zhong, Y. Lu, T. Yu, pH sensitivity and ion sensitivity of hydrogels based on complex-forming chitosan/silk fibroin interpenetrating polymer network, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 65 (11) (1997) 2257-2262. 

Kajjari, P B., Manjeshwar L. S., andAminabhavi, T. M. Novel interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel microspheres of chitosan and poly(acrylamide)-grafted-guar gum for controlled release of ciprofloxacin. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50, 13280-13287 (2011). 

Angadi, S.C., Manjeshwar, L.S. Aminabhavi, T.M. Stearic acid-coated chitosan-based interpenetrating polymer network microspheres ... 

Rodkate, N., Wichai, U., Boontha, B., Rutnakompituk, M. Semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels between polydimethylsiloxane/polyethylene glycol and chitosan. Carbohydr. Polym. 81, 617-625 (2010)... 

S.J. Kim, S.R. Shin, YM. Lee, and S.I. Kim, Swelling characterizations of chitosan and polyacrylonitrile semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 87 (12), 2011-2015,2003. 

Kim, S.J., Park, S.J., and Kim, S.I. (2003) Swelling behavior of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of poly(vmyl alcohol) and chitosan. React. Runet. Polym., 55, 53-59. 

Angadi et al. have reported the stearic acid-coated chitosan-based interpenetrating polymer network for controlled release of an antituberculosis drug [73]. Kaity et al. have reported the carboxymethylation of locust bean gum in a interpenetrating network for controlled release of buflomedil hydrochloride [67]. 

Chitosan films exhibit low swelling in water, but membranes with diverse hydrophilic aptitudes can be prepared through the formation of mixtures or semi-interpenetrated and interpenetrated networks of chitosan with highly hydrophilic polymers like poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and gelatin [164]. PEC of chitosan with polyanions of natural origin like alginate, pectin or CMC or with synthetic ones, like poly(acrylic acid), have been investigated as matrices for controlled-release systems [165]. 

PU based on the use of pristine castor oil were reviewed in 2010 [9, 10], including preparation and properties of an interpenetrating network with other polymers. Recent additions to this topic include work by Larock and co-workers [13, 14] on waterborne PU and their silica composites a kinetic study of the reaction of castor oil with 4,4 -methylene diphenyl diisocyanate to produce an elastomeric matrix [15] the rheology of waterborne PU dispersions for coating applications, prepared with castor oil and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) [16] (Scheme 3.7) and the synthesis and characterisation of gelled materials arising from the reaction of isocyanate-bearing chitin or chitosan with castor oil [17]. 

In general, naturally occurring polymers do not exhibit thermal responsiveness. Various strategies were envisioned to confer this physicochemical property to polysaccharides, such as chemical modification or formation of interpenetrated networks with other thermoresponsive polymers. Most of the published works report the use of thermoresponsive hydrogels based on PNlPAAm (Rzaev et a/., 2007). Examples of copolymers which may be grafted with PN IPAAm are chitosan (Martins e/ /., 2011), de xtran (Huang and Lowe, 2005 Huh et al, 2000), gelatin (Ohya and Matsuda, 2005), or... 

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