Styrene butadiene vinylpyridine latex

Styrene butadiene vinylpyridine latex (SBVPL) is the most popular rubber latex used to make RFL dips to achieve good rubber-to-fabric adhesion. Usually SBVPL is used for good adhesion between textile cord and rubber compounds based on general-purpose elastomers (NR, SBR, and BR). Occasionally other latexes besides SBVPL are used as well. For example, sometimes natural rubber latex is used for an RFL dip. Then again, neoprene latex can also be used, especially if the rubber compound is based on neoprene. The purpose of the rubber latex component of the RFL is to promote adhesion with the rubber matrix of the product. 

Styrene butadiene vinylpyridine latex Feedstock Dependency 

SBVPL is a polymerization product from three different monomers vinylpyridine, styrene, and butadiene. 

more byproduct butadiene (BD) is produced from butene (another C4) through steam cracking of naphtha gas oil from ethylene/propylene production. Through extractive distillation of this C4 cracker stream, the butadiene is obtained. Commonly the yield achieved for BD is dependent on the quality of the feedstocks used for ethylene production. Usually, the heavier the feedstock, the greater the BD production. Reportedly, the light feedstock only yields about one-fifth the yield of butadiene compared to the heavy feedstock. 

There is no official classification system developed for this terpolymer. 

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Figure 5.24 Polymerization of Styrene butadiene vinylpyridine latex, SBVPL Synonyms...

Styrene butadiene vinylpyridine latex Feedstock Dependency... 

Styrene butadiene vinylpyridine latex is used in the rubber industry because it imparts very good adhesion with the general-purpose diene elastomers used in many rubber compounds. Other rubber latexes may not do as well in imparting good adhesion to cured general-purpose rubber-based compounds. 

Pyridine bases namely 2 4-picolines are important commodity chemicals which are used in pharmaceuticals, rubber eind agricultural industries. 2-picoline is consumed for several different pesticides, and is used in the production of 2-vinylpyridine, which is a component of styrene-butadiene-vinylpyridine terpolymer latexes. The major outlet for 4-picoline is for the manufacture of 4-vinylpyridine and INH an anti-tubercular drug. The stringent specifications laid down for these products in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications can not be met from natural sources namely from coal carbonisation byproducts. Synthetic pyridine is the only answer to this problem. 

An RFL dip consists of an aqueous resorcinol formaldehyde resin liquid with a ruhher latex. The RF resin is used to achieve good adhesion to the organic fiber substrate whether it be rayon, nylon, or polyester. The rubber latex portion can be a natural rubber latex or a styrene butadiene vinylpyridine (terpolymer) latex or even a neoprene latex. This rubber latex is present to achieve good adhesion with the rubber matrix itself. So the RFL allows good adhesion between the rubber and the textile cord reinforcement whether it is used in the manufacture of passenger tires, truck tires, off-the-road tires, power transmission belts, V-belts, timing belts, or various hose products. 

Tire Cord. Melamine resins are also used to improve the adhesion of mbber to reinforcing cord in tires. Textile cord is normally coated with a latex dip solution composed of a vinylpyridine—styrene—butadiene latex mbber containing resorcinol—formaldehyde resin.. The dip coat is cured prior to use. The dip coat improves the adhesion of the textile cord to mbber. Further improvement in adhesion is provided by adding resorcinol and hexa(methoxymethyl) melamine [3089-11 -0] (HMMM) to the mbber compound which is in contact with the textile cord. The HMMM resin and resorcinol cross-link during mbber vulcanization and cure to form an interpenetrating polymer within the mbber matrix which strengthens or reinforces the mbber and increases adhesion to the textile cord. Brass-coated steel cord is also widely used in tires for reinforcement. Steel belts and bead wire are common apphcations. Again, HMMM resins and resorcinol [108-46-3] are used in the mbber compound which is in contact with the steel cord to reinforce the mbber and increase the adhesion of the mbber to the steel cord. This use of melamine resins is described in the patent Hterature (49). 

Synthetic. The main types of elastomeric polymers commercially available in latex form from emulsion polymerization are butadiene—styrene, butadiene—acrylonitrile, and chloroprene (neoprene). There are also a number of specialty latices that contain polymers that are basically variations of the above polymers, eg, those to which a third monomer has been added to provide a polymer that performs a specific function. The most important of these are products that contain either a basic, eg, vinylpyridine, or an acidic monomer, eg, methacrylic acid. These latices are specifically designed for tire cord solutioning, papercoating, and carpet back-sizing. 

Vinylpyridine (23) came into prominence around 1950 as a component of latex. Butadiene and styrene monomers were used with (23) to make a terpolymer that bonded fabric cords to the mbber matrix of automobile tires (25). More recendy, the abiUty of (23) to act as a Michael acceptor has been exploited in a synthesis of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (24) (26). The sequence consists of a Michael addition of (23) to 4-cyanopyridine (15), replacement of the 4-cyano substituent by dimethylamine (taking advantage of the activation of the cyano group by quatemization of the pyridine ring), and base-cataly2ed dequatemization (retro Michael addition). 4-r)imethyl aminopyri dine is one of the most effective acylation catalysts known (27). 

The most common adhesive system used for bonding continuous fibers and fabrics to rubber is resorcinol-formaldehyde latex (RFL) system. In general, RFL system is a water-based material. Different lattices including nitrile and SBR are used as the latex for the adhesive system. 2-Vinylpyridine-butadiene-styrene is the common latex used in the adhesive recipe. RFL system is widely being used in tires, diaphragms, power transmission belts, hoses, and conveyor belts because of its dynamic properties, adhesion, heat resistance, and the capacity to bond a wide range of fabrics and mbbers. 

Mortality associated with acrylonitrile exposure was evaluated as part of a study of 15 643 male workers in a rubber plant in the United States (Akron, Ohio) (Delzell Monson, 1982). Included in the analysis were 327 workers who were employed for at least two years in the plant between 1 January 1940 and 1 July 1971, and who had worked in two departments where acrylonitrile was used, i.e., 81 worked only in the nitrile rubber manufacturing operation where exposures to 1,3-butadiene (see this volume), styrene (lARC, 1994a) and vinylpyridine also occurred and 218 only in the department where the latex was coagulated and dried. [No information on levels of exposure to acrylonitrile was provided ] Mortality among these workers was assessed through 1 July 1978 and compared with age- and calendar-time-specific rates for white men in the United States. SMRs were 0.8 ( = 74 95% CI, 0.7-1.0) for all causes of death, 1.2 ( = 22 95% CI, 0.8-1.9) for all cancers combined, 1.5 ( = 9 95% CI, 0.7-2.9) for lung cancer, 4.0 ( = 2 95% CI, 0.5-14.5) for urinary bladder cancer and 2.3 ( = 4 95% CI, 0.6-5.8) for cancers of the lymphatic and haematopoietic system. SMRs for lung cancer by duration of employment were [1.0] (4 observed, 3.8 expected) [95% CI, 0.3-2.7] for < 5 years, and [3.3] (5 observed, 1.5 expected) [95% CI, 1.1-7.8] for 5-14 years. No case was observed with duration > 15 years. 

The largest use of a-picoline (2) is for production of 2-vinylpyridine (11) which, with butadiene and styrene, is converted into a terpolymer latex. This latex provides a coating that stiffens fabrics (e. g. nylon, polyester, rayon) that are incorporated into biased-ply car tires. The 2-vinylpyridinc assists in binding the rubber to the fabric carcass. a-Picoline is also used as a precursor to nitrapyrin (12), which prevents nitrogen loss from soil, and the herbicide picloram (13). 

Alpha-picoline (2-picoline 2-methylpryridine) is used for the production of 2-vinylpyridine, which, when copolymerized with butadiene and styrene, produces a product that can be used as a latex adhesive which is used in the manufacture of car tires. Other uses are in the preparation of 2-beta-methoxyethyl-pyridine (known as promintic, an anthelmintic for cattle) and in the synthesis of a 2-picoline quaternary compound (amprolium), which is used against coccidiosis in young poultry. Beta-picoline (3-picoline 3-methylpryridine) can be oxidized to nicotinic acid, which, with the amide form (nicotinamide), belongs to the vitamin B complex both products are widely used to fortify human and animal diets. Gama-picoline (4-picoline 4-methylpyridine) is an intermediate in the manufecture of isonicotinic acid hydra-zide (isoniazide), which is a tuberculostatic drug. 2,6-Lutidine (2,6-dimethylpyridine) can be converted to dipicolinic add, which is used as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. 

A significant development was disclosed by Lin. He replaced part of the vinyl pyridine terpolymer latex in the adhesive recipe with poly butadiene latex. Glass cords dipped in this polybutadiene latex adhesive were more resistant to fracture under cold weather conditions. This was attributed to the lower tg of polybutadiene compared to vinylpyridine-styrene-bu-tadiene rubber. 

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