Miscible interpenetrating polymer networks

The advances in polymer blending and alloying technology have occurred through three routes (1) similar-rheology polymer pairs, (2) miscible polymers such as polyphenylene oxide and polystyrene, or (3) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). All these systems were limited to specific polymer combinations that have an inherent physical affinity for each other. However with... 

J. L. Gomez Ribelles, M. Monleon Pradas, G. Gallego Ferrer, N. Peidro Torres, V. Perez Gimenez, P. Pissis, and A. Kyritsis, Poly(methyl acrylate)/poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) sequential interpenetrating polymer networks. Miscibility and water sorption behavior, J. Poly. Sci. B 37, 1587-1599 (1999). 

There are several excellent reviews on the SMP [15-20]. The present review focuses on the SMP synthesized from polymer blending technique. Polymer blending is an effective and economical way to develop the new polymeric materials with desirable properties. Numerous polymer blends exhibiting shape memory effects have been reported, which can be classified into miscible blend, immiscible blend, interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), and cross-linked blends. 

Varganici, C.-D., Rosu, L., Rosu, D., Simionescu, B.C. Miscibility studies of some semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on an aromatic polyurethane and epoxy resin. Compos. B Eng. 50, 273-278 (2013)... 

F. Qiu, S. Chen, Z. Ping, Study of the miscibility and segmental motion of STMAA-PBMA polymer blends and semi-interpenetrating polymer networks by an spin probe method. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 43 (5) (2005) 411-416. 

Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN). Polymerization of vinyl and diene monomers over an already formed molecule held in a pol5uner particle represents a special case of copoljnnerization. The interpenetrating polymer networks (qv) thus formed overcome many of the miscibility and other problems associated with physical blends of individual copolymers and leads to new compositions that are useful for coatings, adhesives, and caulks (14). Polychloroprene IPNs have been made by co-curing copolymers of l-chloro-l,3-butadiene [627-22-5], The 1-chloro-l,3-butadiene comonomer polymerizes in a fashion to increase the allylic chloride concentration in the copolymer backbone. The butadiene copolymer with l-chloro-l,3-butadiene (29) and octyl acrylate copolymer (30) improved the low temperature brittleness, oil resistance, and heat resistance of polychloroprene. 

Methods of Blend Preparation. Most polymer pairs are immiscible, and therefore, their blends are not formed spontaneously. Moreover, the phase structure of polymer blends is not equilibrium and depends on the process of their preparation. Five different methods are used for the preparation of polymer blends (60,61) melt mixing, solution blending, latex mixing, partial block or graft copolymerization, and preparation of interpenetrating polymer networks. It should be mentioned that due to high viscosity of polymer melts, one of these methods is required for size reduction of the components (to the order of /ttm), even for miscible blends. 

Cao X, Wang Y, Zhang L (2005) Effects of ethyl and benzyl groups on the miscibility and properties of castor oil-based polyurethane/starch derivative semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. Macromol Biosci 5 863-871... 

A new convenient polymer modification has been developed to synthesize a series of novel silanol-containing polymers by a selective oxidation of Si—containing precursor polymers with a dimethyldioxirane solution in acetone. The silanol hydrogen bonding interactions in polymer blends as well as the silanol self-condensation to form siloxane semi-interpenetrating polymer networks in miscible polymer blends and organic-inorganic polymeric hybrids are discussed. 

The data obtained were used to calculate enthalpy, entropy and the Gibbs functions for the seq-IPNs synthesis. It was shown that the isotherms of diverse thermodynamic properties of interpenetrating polymer networks plotted versus their composition, in particular the molar fraction of the CPU per conditional mole, can be described by straight lines. This made it possible to estimate the thermodynamic behavior of the seq-IPNs of any compositions at standard pressure within a wide temperature range. It was determined [50] that at molar content > 0.50 of PCN in seq-IPNs studied AG°p (AG° of process) < 0 and this has allowed authors to conclude about thermodynamical miscibility of the components for seq-IPNs of these composition... 

Kurisawa, M., Yui, N. Gelatin/dextran intelligent hydrogels for drug delivery dual-stim-uU-responsive degradation in relation to miscibility in interpenetrating polymer networks. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 199, 1547-1554 (1998)... 

Lipatov Y, Sergeeva L, Karabanova L, Rosovitskij V, Skiba S and Babkina N (1988) Influence of fillers on viscoelastic properties and miscibility of components of interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane and polyesteracrylate, Vyssokomol Soedin A30 649-655 (in Russian). 

Polymer miscibility, enhancing, 14 476 Polymer modification, supercritical fluid impregnation in, 24 20 Polymer networks, interpenetrating, 79 834 20 327... 

The concept of interpenetrating the polymer network was introduced in the early 1960s [108]. The basic idea is the formation of blends with two different independent polymer networks on the nano scale. The non-miscibility between two polymers is the general rule and an important question is to know if the gelation takes place before or after the phase separation, because the timing for these two phenomena will govern the size of each network domain [109,110]. 

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