Installation reliability maintenance

For facilities that include large numbers of motors and other electrical equipment, it normally is both more economical and more convenient to furnish a building to enclose the required motor starters and distribution panels. This building is normally referred to as a motor control center (MCC). In addition to typically allowing less expensive non-explosion-proof equipment, these buildings are frequently environmentally controlled (air conditioned, and possibly heated in colder climates) to reduce equipment corrosion and enhance reliability. Maintenance is more easily performed indoors than if the equipment were installed outside and maintenance personnel were subject to extreme cold, rain, snow, or other adverse weather conditions. 

Isolation A means for pressure-isolating control valves, pumps, and other piping hardware for installation and maintenance is another common application for an on/off valve. In this application, the valve is required to have tight shutoff so that leakage is stopped when the piping system is under repair. As the need to cycle the valve in this application is far less than that of a throttling control valve, the wear characteristics of the valve are less important. Also, because many are required in a plant, the isolation valve needs to be reliable, simple in design, and simple in operation. 

An electrochemical process can be considered as a "black box" with electrical response to excitation signals and therefore it is possible to study electrochemical processes with electrical measurenaent instruments. At the moment there are several commercial systems available, which contain both the equipment and necessary software. If a commercial system meets users, technical and economical needs, it is advisable to choose it. A conunercial systemcanbe installed and put to work much faster than a sel -built system. However, if the system is self-tailored, it will usually be more suitable to particular requirements. A self-made system with personal computer, adequate I/O cards and own software provides flexibility. When developing a selfbuilt system one has to choose the equipment with cewe and ensure compatibility. When choosing measurement units it is often wise to buy from big manufacturers in order to ensure reliable maintenance, installation and operational instructions. 

The focus in designing a fuel-cell power system is to develop and optimize the system configuration to meet the specifications of its intended appHcation. These specifications could include the following fuel specification, duty cycle, cost (purchase and installation), cycle efficiency, reliability, maintenance, size and weight, environmental interfaces, cogeneration, acoustic noise, power quaUty, and safety. 

Finally, the team should also consider reviewing the periodic proof-test results to identify devices that have failed repeatedly during tests. For example, if the team determines that the SIF has repeatedly failed its periodic proof test due to a transmitter fault, the team should recommend that the design, installation, and maintenance practices associated with the SIF be re-evaluated. The root cause analysis may result in the selection of a different technology for the process variable measurement or in a revised installation. Until the process variable measurement has been proven reliable in this service, the defined test interval should be reduced. 

All documents created for a project should be reviewed by an independent person from the creator of the document. At certain stages of the lifecycle, the standard recommends that a functional safety assessment be performed by an assessment team that contains at least one senior, independent, competent person. This independent person can be an employee of the company or a contracted third-party, as long as the reviewer understands the process hazards, the company s management system, the full SIS lifecycle, and the fundamentals of appropriate design, installation, operation, maintenance, testing, and reliability. This person should not be part of the project team, report to project team management or plant operations, and should have the authority to prevent the project from proceeding if deviations are not addressed. 

L.7.1.2.3 Equipment is approved through an evaluation process that takes into account the operating history, historical performance/reliability, manufacturer s recommendations, and manufacturer s lEC 61508 certification information (e.g., installation and maintenance manual, safety manual, lEC 61508 certification report, failure-rate data), product quality, manufacturer support (e.g., obsolescence and advisory notices). The overall evaluation process may include performance data from multiple facilities or from a single facility, depending on company size and strategy. 

System reliability is the capability of the EPSS to fulfill its intended purpose predictably without problems.The degree of reliability necessary for an emergency system is closely related to the critical nature of the load being served. Many factors contribute to system reliability those given here are preinstallation considerations. After installation, effective maintenance, exercise, and experienced operators contribnte to reliabUity. 

Air conditioning systems shall be developed to ensure reliable maintenance of inner air parameters in the MCR and RCR under normal and emergency conditions, seismic effects, extreme outer air parameters and also to ensure repairability of the installed equipment. 

Measuring components were installed in the mixed bin above the sintering car, of which installation and maintenance was very convenient that both cannot affect mix descending in bin and was reliable to use in bad conditions of sintering plant. 

Maintenance of process installation is still a necessity to realise high process reliability. Infrared thermography is becoming more and more an useful tool for predictive maintenance in the process and electrical industry. 

Mechanical Design The success of an enclosure installation depends heavily on acceptance by operation and maintenance personnel. Mechanical and structural integrity and reliability must therefore be designed into the enclosure. 

In general, slower speed units will be larger, heavier, and more costly than higher speed units. Slower speed units have the advantages of higher reliability, greater fuel efficiency, and lower maintenance costs than higher speed machines. The overall economics of initial capital cost, reli-abilit, fuel cost, maintenance costs, etc., must be considered to determine the most appropriate version for a particular installation. 

Reliability engineering Materials of constraction Fabrication and inspection procedures Installation procedures Preventive maintenance... 

No alarm system, however well planned and installed, can be completely reliable or tamperproof. The successful operation of a security system requires the active cooperation of those involved in carrying out the necessary procedures carefully and thoroughly. The usefulness of the whole system can be jeopardized by lack of care or inadequate attention to routine procedures in maintenance and servicing. This care has to be extended to the security of keys and of information regarding the system, its installation and method of operation. 

Very few pump installations follow Hydraulic Institute recommendations. A minority of installations fail to follow reasonable engineering practices or even common sense. Therefore, it should not be a surprise that centrifugal pump applications often exhibit chronic reliability and maintenance problems. 

The main consideration in the selection of a compressor plant is the production of an adequate supply of compressed air at the lowest cost consistent with reliable service. The installation of a compressed air system, as with all forms of power transmission, calls for capital investment with consequent operating and maintenance costs. The information on which the selection of plant is based should be as accurate as possible. Important factors to be considered are the following. 

Improved reliability of equipment, but much still to be done Maintenance costs often too high Desire to go more automatic and on-line Awareness that system installation is expensive Continuing interest in new techniques... 

Be so constructed and installed to facilitate adjustment, disassembly cleaning, and maintenance to assure the reliability of control procedures, uniformity of production, and exclusion from the drugs of contaminants from previous and current operations... 

Adequate safety and reliability have been incorporated into the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of any installation, storage facility, equipment, and infrastructure connected with its operation which are linked to major-accident hazards inside the establishment. 

The use of installed spares and rotating equipment out of service for periodic maintenance should reduce the impacts on production rate from failures in equipment. This conclusion assumes that the resulting complexity of piping layout and increased manipulation of piping connections does not negate the goal of assuring process reliability. 

The application of robotics to enhance laboratory productivity has met with some success with many early adapters and in laboratories with high-volume repetitive routine assays. However, the requirements for extensive installation, development, validation and continuing maintenance effort have slowed the growth of robotics in pharmaceutical laboratories. Many robots in pharmaceutical R D labs have been abandoned or mothballed because they were not sufficiently flexible or reliable at... 

Finally, process analytics methods can be used in commercial manufacturing, either as temporary methods for gaining process information or troubleshooting, or as permanent installations for process monitoring and control. The scope of these applications is often more narrowly defined than those in development scenarios. It will be most relevant for manufacturing operations to maintain process robustness and/or reduce variability. Whereas the scientific scope is typically much more limited in permanent installations in production, the practical implementation aspects are typically much more complex than in an R D environment. The elements of safety, convenience, reliability, validation and maintenance are of equal importance for the success of the application in a permanent installation. Some typical attributes of process analytics applications and how they are applied differently in R D and manufacturing are listed in Table 2.1. 

When the decision is made to install an automatic detection system, the fire/gas detection technology should be carefully selected to match the expected hazard and the environment in which it will be installed. The design and installation of a reliable fire/gas detection system in an industrial facility should only be done by experienced personnel. Otherwise, the facility owner may have an inappropriate system and may be plagued by nuisance alarms and high maintenance costs. 

Fixed temperature detectors are preferred because they require less calibration and maintenance. Heat detectors are normally more reliable than other types of detectors because of the simple nature of their operation and ease of maintenance. These factors tend to lead to fewer false alarms. The main disadvantage of heat detectors is that they are unlikely to detect fires in the incipient stage, where little heat is generated, but much smoke is likely.. Since heat detectors are inherently slower in operation than other types of detectors, they should be considered for installation in areas where high speed detection is not required. 

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