Weather, adverse

Economic Market. The spice trade is controlled by many direct elements and responds slowly to supply and demand fluctuations. Resupply depends on growth to plant maturity, which for certain items, such as black pepper or nutmeg, can be several years. The raw material is directly affected by climate, adverse weather conditions, and control of plant diseases and insect and animal pests. Limited agricultural scientific advances are appHed to the cultivation of the botanicals, and there are many grades of product and degrees of quahty caused by different growing or processing conditions, sometimes by unknown factors as well. 

Ammonium Sulfamate. A number of flame retardants used for ceUulosic materials, including fabrics and paper products, are based on ammonium sulfamate (56). These products are water-soluble and therefore nondurable if treated fabrics are washed or exposed to weathering conditions. For most fabric and paper constmctions, efficient flame retardancy can be provided with no apparent effect on color or appearance and without stiffening or adverse effects on the feel of the fabrics. A wide variety of materials are treated, including ha2ardous work-area clothing, drapes, curtains, decorative materials, blankets, sheets, and specialty industrial papers (57). 

Production. Worldwide cocoa bean production has increased significantly over the past 10 years from approximately 1.6 million t in the 1979—1980 crop year to over 2.4 million t in 1990. The production share by country has also changed dramatically in the last 10 years. The big gainers are Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Ivory Coast. The large gains in Malaysia and Indonesia have helped to diversify production and partially shield the market from adverse weather-induced supply shocks. The biggest losers in production share have been Brazil and Ghana. Table 2 Hsts production statistics for these countries. 

Strontium. Strontium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2457-02-5] is a candidate to replace lead in lead-free paints. It functions well under adverse weather conditions and promotes through drying. Outdoor performance of low pigmented coatings like stains may be effected negatively by using strontium instead of zirconium. 

The weathering properties of polyethylene are improved by the incorporation of carbon blacks. Maximum protection is obtained using blacks with a particle size of 25 p,m and below. In practice finely divided channel or furnace blacks are used at 2-3% concentration and to be effective they must be very well dispersed into the polymer. The use of more than 3% black leads to little improvement in weathering resistance and may adversely affect other properties. 

Nuclear PSAs tend to accept a set of initiators such as the WASH-1400 set or the EPRI set and proceed with little introspection as to completeness of the set for a specific plant. A well-known omission is sabotage. In general, earthquake and fire is treated poorly tornado is usually not addressed nor are other aspects of adverse weather such as freezing and ice storms which may have common cause potential. The record has not been too good. After the Browns Ferry fire, it was claimed that such was addressed in WASH-1400. If so, attention was only brought after the fact. The TMI-2 sequence was not addressed in the PSAs to an extent that action was taken to prevent it. 

For facilities that include large numbers of motors and other electrical equipment, it normally is both more economical and more convenient to furnish a building to enclose the required motor starters and distribution panels. This building is normally referred to as a motor control center (MCC). In addition to typically allowing less expensive non-explosion-proof equipment, these buildings are frequently environmentally controlled (air conditioned, and possibly heated in colder climates) to reduce equipment corrosion and enhance reliability. Maintenance is more easily performed indoors than if the equipment were installed outside and maintenance personnel were subject to extreme cold, rain, snow, or other adverse weather conditions. 

If a flame arrester is provided with cowls, weather hoods, deflectors, etc., it must be tested for the configuration involved if the test is done to meet the UL, USCG, or CEN standard (see Chapter 8). Maintenance of a flame arrester should be performed carefully to avoid any adverse impact on arrester performance (see Chapter 7). All flame arresters should be inspected regularly as operating experience dictates (see Chapter 7). 

Electric power transmission and distribution systems are extremely vulnerable to adverse weather conditions. It appeats to many people that extteme weather is becoming more frequent and also more violent. It has been suggested that this is due to increased heat and humidity in Earth s environment, leading to increases in both rain and snowfall. The effect of... 

A compressor will always give better, more reliable service when enclosed in a building that protects it from cold, dusty, damp, and corrosive conditions. In certain locations, it may be economical to use a roof only, but this is not recommended unless the weather is extremely mild. Even then, it is crucial to prevent rain and windblown debris from entering the moving parts. Subjecting a compressor to adverse inlet conditions will dramatically reduce reliability and significantly increase maintenance requirements. 

It has been shown that inclusion of fine mbber particles in asphalt reduces the cracking of pavement in adverse weather conditions [60,61]. There are two methods for introducing ground waste mbber into asphalt, namely, wet and dry processes. Wet process is carried out at 170°C-220°C for 45-120 min. Rubber particles absorb components with similar value of solubility parameter (5) from the asphalt, causing them to swell. The interaction between mbber and asphalt is mainly of physical nature. In the dry process, mbber is used as a replacement for part of the aggregate and is added to the mineral material before the latter is mixed with the asphalt binder. Addition of mbber greatly improves the elasticity of the binder and generally lowers its brittle point. Incorporation of GRT... 

Most experimental protocols determine the time of harvest from the application dates of the experimental chemical product. If the study s Principal Investigator has guessed correctly months earlier when the first application was made, the crop will be at the proper maturity when harvested. However, if the weather or some other factor changes, the crop may be immature or over-ripe. If the experimental protocol does not permit for these variations in growing conditions, there may be an adverse impact on the ability to process the test samples properly, possibly resulting in atypical processed fraction samples. 

Field beans grow well on clay soils and heavy loams, provided they are well-drained and limed (pH above 6). Winter beans are not frost hardy and so are risky to grow, north of the Midlands. In some rotations, beans replace the clover break and they are usually followed by wheat. Yields for spring and winter field beans are shown in Table 5.4. The problem with field beans is their variable yield, which is partly caused by adverse weather conditions and susceptibility to pests and diseases (winter beans get chocolate spot, spring beans are aphid prone), and partly due to the uncertain activity of the necessary insect crosspollinators. 

A final category of potential confounders includes the variety of exercise regimens and environments utilized in the research, everything from laboratory cycle ergometers (most common) to cross-country skiing at high altitude in adverse weather conditions. 

Contingency allowance, this is an allowance built into the capital cost estimate to cover for unforeseen circumstances (labour disputes, design errors, adverse weather). Typically 5 per cent to 10 per cent of the direct costs. 

The results of this situation can be readily foreseen. A requisition for a specific item is occasionally filled with an item which, at first glance, appears to be the one requested but, actually, was formulated for a different purpose and is either inadequate or dangerous to use for the intended purpose. A specific example of the hazards inherent in this situation may be found in the case of insecticide space spray composed of 1% DDT, 0.1% pyrethrins, or 2.5% thiocyanate in deodorized kerosene and 5% residual-effect DDT, both of which are issued in 5-gallon steel drums. Obviously, if a requisition for residual-effect DDT were to be filled with space spray, the application of the solution as a residual-effect compound w ould be of little or no value. Under some conditions, when stocks have been exposed to such adverse weather conditions that all gross identifying marks have been removed from the containers, the assumption has been made by the untrained native laborers that all unidentifiable cans of the same size contained the same material. Were it possible to have just one insecticide for all military purposes, such a situation could easily be avoided. 

Applications. Ultraviolet detectors are ideally suited for applications where rapidly developing fire can occur in a relatively open area. UV detectors can be used to monitor ammunition assembly lines, gunpowder troughs, or open areas that are stocked with hazardous materials. These detectors are not typically affected by extremes of temperature or pressure, adverse weather conditions, high humidity, nor are they sensitive to solar radiation. 

Both projects are designed to draw their energy from an organic photovoltaic layer, thus creating harmony with weather phenomena from the outset. Sunshine activates the objects under adverse weather conditions they are present in the public space in static form. 

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