Operations Other Than War

Agazio, J. (2002). Army nursing practice during operations other than war. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http // 131.1S8.7.207/cgi-bin/tsnrp/search.studies.cgi id=206... 

Warren, J. B. (2004). Military nursing Military medical-surgical nurses in operations other than war. Medical Surgical Nursing, 13(2), 129-130. 

The US seeks to achieve it strategic objectives in three diverse environments peacetime, conflict, and war. The Army classifies its activities during peacetime and conflict as operations other than war. Some operations such as Joint Endeavor in Bosnia are also referred to as support and stability operations. During peacetime and conflict, possible NBC threats include terrorist use of biological weapons or covert release of toxic industrial materials. During war, nuclear and chemical weapons are also possible NBC threats. 

Prior to the survey and subsequent operations in the area, the Theater Commander must determine what risk he is willing to subject his soldiers to as part of the operation. The Theater Commander will use the enclosed Low Level Radiation Operational Exposure Guidance (Annex A). The Theater Commander shall issue Operational Exposure Guidance designating a maximum Radiological Exposure State (RES) for all individuals that must perform the mission. This RES shall be developed in consultation with those staff specialists listed in section 3.15.6. During Operations Other Than War, the theater commander is limited... 

OOTW - Operations Other Than War. Orthopnea - Difficult breathing except in an upright position. 

Strictly speaking, these compounds are not chemical warfare agents. However, over the last few years, there has been a growing concern among most governments regarding the occupational health and safety of their troops in operations other than war (OOTW). These are low-intensity conflicts (peace-keeping, humanitarian aid, etc), with little or no threat of classic chemical warfare. However the problems at hand in that country have usually resulted... 

Azeotropic Distillation. The concept of azeotropic distillation is not new. The use of benzene to dehydrate ethyl alcohol and butyl acetate to dehydrate acetic acid has been in commercial operation for many years. However, it was only during World War II that entrainers other than steam were used by the petroleum industry. Two azeotropic processes for the segregation of toluene from refinery streams were developed and placed in operation. One used methyl ethyl ketone and water as the azeo-troping agent (81) the other employed methanol (1). 

Chemical Munitions. In a broad sense, any and all supplies and equipment required to conduct offensive or defensive war by means of chemical agents. This includes chemical weapons, chemical ammunition, transport and fuel, but excludes personnel and supplies and equipment for purposes other than for direct military operations. In a restricted sense, the term means chemical ordnance, which includes chemical military materiel, such as combat weapons with ammunition and equipment for their use, vehicles, repair tools and machinery (See also Chemical Ammunition)... 

The CWS in SWPA was not yet aware, at the end of June, of the War Department supply policy they had heard nothing at all from the United States in the first four months after the establishment of the USAFIA and were to have no word from the Office of the Chief, Chemical Warfare Service, until July. The basic War Department plan was dated 22 January 1942, and the specific plan for the forces in Australia was dated 2 February 1942. The specific War Department plan called for 90 days supply of all classes other than ammunition, computed on the standard tables of basic allowances (TBA) 90 days supply of ground ammunition, computed on the basis of a special ammunition day of supply for weapons in the theater and five months supply of aerial bombs, ammunition, and pyrotechnics, computed according to a special allowance per aircraft in Australia and the Netherlands East Indies. The Adjutant General instructed the technical services in the United States to compute allowances and set up shipments to the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, which was charged with shipment to the theater. The chiefs of the technical services were also charged with allotting funds to the theater for the operation of their services in the theater and for the local procurement of materiel. ... 

The number of companies manufacturing polyethylene in the United States increased after an antitrust judgment against du Pont and ICI forced the latter to license their patent to several American companies other than Union Carbide and du Pont. Companies in other countries soon entered the field. Within a decade of the end of the war, polyethylene plants were operating or being built in at least a dozen countries by more than a score of companies. 

The Dow Chemical Company in the mid-1920s developed two processes which consumed large quantities of chlorobenzene. In one process, chlorobenzene was hydrolyzed with ammonium hydroxide in the presence of a copper catalyst to produce aniline [62-53-3J. This process was used for more than 30 years. The other process hydrolyzed chlorobenzene with sodium hydroxide under high temperature and pressure conditions (4,5) to product phenol [108-95-2]. The LG. Earbenwerke in Germany independentiy developed an equivalent process and plants were built in several European countries after World War II. The ICI plant in England operated until its dosing in 1965. 

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