Reliability installation

The precursor to the Selby belt was installed at Cadley Hill, near Burton-on-Trent. This was steel reinforced, and was one of the first to be based on polychloroprene compounds. Although expensive, by 1982, only 11 h downtime due to the conveyor have occurred since installation in 1978, and of this only 5 h were caused by the belt. This was a good example of the worth of a more expensive but more reliable installation. Previous, cheaper installations at Cadley Hill had given endless trouble and finally had to be replaced by the present installation. Here, then, was the prototype for the Selby project. 

A variety of raceways is available for distribution wiring. Rules governing the application and installation of raceways are discussed in various sections of the National Electrical Code. Adhering to these rules w l help assme a safe, reliable installation. 

Minimize the number of shutdowns by designing for high availability. Install more reliable equipment or standby equipment. 

The specific results of well over 1 year of continued monitoring will be discussed in a second paper. It is pointed out here that the AEBIL monitoring system installed in the power plant for the above monitoring purposes has efficiently and continuedly performed during this time interval, with no instrumentation reliability problems. 

The AEBIL acoustic emission monitoring system installed on site has shown a good level of functional reliability no instrumentation failure is to be recorded in over 1 year of continuous in-plant operation. 

Maintenance of process installation is still a necessity to realise high process reliability. Infrared thermography is becoming more and more an useful tool for predictive maintenance in the process and electrical industry. 

Reliability. Certain controls are only effective if carefiiUy maintained. Whereas a substitution, if appropriately selected, may need monitoring, a control that depends on a sensor operating an alarm may cease to work after it is installed if it is not carefiiUy checked, caUbrated, and repaired. This procedure costs money, time, and supervisory effort, and increases risk. 

Closed-cycle liquefier systems. In this design the superconductor resides in a bath of liquid helium and boil-off gas is recirculated through a helium liquefier. The installation of such a system is quite complex but these installations have proved good reliability pro-... 

Membrane Replacement Membrane replacement is a significant cost facdor, but membrane hfe and rehability are now reasonable. Membranes are more susceptible to operating upsets than more traditional equipment, but their field-reliability record in properly engineered, properly maintained installations is good to excellent. In N9 separations, membrane hfe is veiy long. 

The most suitable method of fast and simple control of the presence of dangerous substances is analytical detection by means of simplified methods - the so-called express-tests which allow quickly and reliably revealing and estimating the content of chemical substances in various objects. Express-tests are based on sensitive reactions which fix analytical effect visually or by means of portable instalments. Among types of indicator reactions were studied reactions of complex formation, oxidation-reduction, diazotization, azocoupling and oxidative condensation of organic substances, which are accompanied with the formation of colored products or with their discoloration. 

For domestic light and power distribution this practice is common. Modern industrial installations can now adopt a fuseless system and use MCCBs and provide a more sensitive ground leakage protection scheme for more safety and reliability. 

Reliability of shunt or series power capacitors is of utmost importance for the security of the system on which they are installed. Their failure may disturb the system or result in a system outage. 

The units and ancillary equipment must be protected from mechanical damage and the effects of weather to ensure the reliable operation of an impressed current station. This is achieved by installing it in a weatherproof plastic housing (see Fig. 8-2). Sufficient ventilation must be provided to disperse heat. The ventilation holes should be protected with brass gauze to keep out animals. Transformer-rectifier units must be connected to a circuit that is continuously energized, especially if they are in a building where the current is turned off at night, e.g., gas stations that are not open for 24 h. 

Corrosion protection not only maintains the value of industrial plants and structures but also ensures safe operational conditions and the reliability of these structures it prevents damage that can endanger people and the environment. For this reason corrosion protection of such installations forms the most important means of protecting the environment. 

Eollowing initial installation in 1971, the Phase 1 expansion turbines have proven extremely reliable. The redesign effort of Phase 2 in 1992 incorporated improved aerodynamics and changed inlet guide vane profiles in the expansion turbines. This redesign yielded an additional. 40 to. 50 Bcf of gas per year without any increase in recompression horsepower. This translates to an increase in propane and butane production of an additional 3,600 to 4,500 bbl of liquid without an increase in electrical power consumption. 

Variations in a produet s material properties, serviee loads, environment and use typieally lead to random failures over the most protraeted period of the produet s expeeted life-eyele. During the eonditions of use, environmental and serviee variations give rise to temporary overloads or transients eausing failures, although some failures are also eaused by human related events sueh as installation and operation errors rather than by any intrinsie property of the produet s eomponents (Klit et al., 1993). Variability, therefore, is also the souree of unreliability in a produet (Carter, 1997). However, it is evident that if produet reliability is determined during the design proeess, subsequent manufaeturing, assembly and delivery of the system will eertainly not improve upon this inherent reliability level (Kapur and Lamberson, 1977). 

Information on load distributions was virtually non-existent until quite recently although much of it is very rudimentary, probably because collecting data is very expensive, the measuring transducers being difficult to install on the test product or prototype (Carter, 1997). It has been cited that at least one prototype is required to make a reliability evaluation (Fajdiga et al., 1996), and this must surely be to understand the loads that could be experienced in service as close as possible. 

Some failures are eaused by human related events sueh as installation, operation or maintenanee errors rather than by any intrinsie property of the eomponents (Klit et al., 1993). A number of meehanieal systems require operation by a human, who thereby beeomes an integral part of the system and has a signifieant effeet on the reliability (Smith, 1976). Consumer produets are notorious for the ways in whieh the eonsumer ean and will misuse the produet. It therefore beeomes important to make a reasonable determination of the likely loading eonditions assoeiated with the different users of the produet in serviee (Cruse, 1997b). 

For reliable turbomaehine performanee, it is vital to have a properly designed, installed, operated, and maintained lubrieation system. The lubri-eation system of a turbomaehine is the lifeblood for this eomplex and finely tuned pieee of maehinery. The oil must be pumped in eontinuous eireulation, eonditioned, drained, and returned to be pumped again. In some units there are independent and dedieated turbine lube oil, eompressor lube oil, and turbine eontrol oil systems. There are eombined systems with turbine lube oil and eontrol oil from one system and eompressor lube oil from another, or with turbine and eompressor lube oil from one system and turbine eontrol oil from another. In most eases, one system will supply all lube and eontrol oil. 

If the Sohre approach is taken in a philosophical light, it clearly indicates the need for a robust design. This is true for the basic equipment as well as the installation of foundations and piping. All of the factors were considered in the approach Sohre presented, even if in some cases, they may have been considered subjective. The key to the robust approach can be simplified as low deflection. On a rotor, the shorter the bearing span and/or the heavier the shaft cross section, the lower the deflection. This tends to increase the reliability aspect. On a foundation, heavier sections tend to have lower deflection, which contributes to the ability to maintain train alignment. Better alignment is one of the factors that contributes to higher reliability. 

Couplings are discussed with reliability partly because in the past, as the single-train compressor installations were going through early growing pains, couplings were certainly a part of the pain. Not too many words need be used here, but possibly a bit of a reminder of the past will avoid problems in the future. 

It is hoped that this material will give the reader an appreciation for the many different factors that interact to cause a compressor installation to be successful or a failure. It is sincerely hoped that when all the various aspects are critically addressed that any proposed installation will achieve the high reliability that a user may expect. 

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