Fuel efficiency

Many kilns that formerly were direct coal-fired or producer-gas verticals were retrofitted to natural gas firing with center-burners and after World War II, dramatically improving lime quaUty, kiln capacity, and fuel efficiency. By the 1960s, this improved vertical kiln had lost favor to rotary and other special kilns because of the supply and cost problems of oil and gas in the United States and the spectacular improvement in rotary kiln performance. Many natural gas-fired center burners were permanently closed and dismanded because they could not be converted to coal. However, the reverse occurred in Europe where the extensive oil and gas discoveries heightened interest in the new, advanced vertical kilns. 

Energy is used to build a car, and energy is u.sed to run it. Rising oil prices mean that, since about 1980, the cost of the petrol consumed during the average life of a car is comparable with the cost of the car itself. Consumers, therefore, now want more fuel-efficient cars, and more fuel-efficient cars pollute less. 

Increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by improving blast furnace charge distribution. 

High-speed engines are not as fuel efficient as integral engines C. OO to 9,000 Btu/bhp-hr). 

For this reason, even though they are the most fuel efficient choice for large horsepower needs, large integrals are not often installed in oil and gas fields. They are more common in plants and pipeline booster service where their fuel efficiency, long life, and steady performance outweigh their much higher cost. 

There is a disadvantage in centrifugal machines in that they are low efficiency. This means it requires more brake horsepower (bhp) to compress the same flow rate than would be required for a reciprocating compressor. If the compressor is driven with a turbine, there is even a greater disadvantage because the turbines are low in fuel efficiency. The net result is that turbine-driven centrifuea machines do not use fuel very... 

Turbine drive easily adapted to waste-heat recovery for high fuel efficiency. 

In general, slower speed units will be larger, heavier, and more costly than higher speed units. Slower speed units have the advantages of higher reliability, greater fuel efficiency, and lower maintenance costs than higher speed machines. The overall economics of initial capital cost, reli-abilit, fuel cost, maintenance costs, etc., must be considered to determine the most appropriate version for a particular installation. 

See also Aircraft Aviation Fuel Efficiency of Energy Use, Economic Concerns and Engines Kerosene Subsidies and Energy Costs Supply and Demand and Energy Prices Transportation, Evolution of Energy Use and. 

Driving by personal vehicle is the most popular mode of transportation. And although there is a desire for a fuel-efficient automobile, fuel efficiency is a consideration well behind style, performance, comfort, durability, reliability, status, and safety. The weak demand for a 40 mpg automobile occurs for several reasons It is not a status symbol (not stylistic), accelerates too slowly (smaller engine), cramps the driver and occupants (smaller interior), and often offers inadequate protection (too light) in case of an accident. 

Higher incomes, higher automobile ownership, and a decline in the population and workplaces that can be sciwcd by mass transit has lead to the declining mass transit demand. Criticism of this shift toward the private automobile comes mainly because the individual driver receives the short-term benefits (privacy, comfort, speed, and convenience), while the negative social consequences (air pollution, traffic jams, and resource depletion) are shared by all. Moreover, if people drove less, and drove more-fuel-efficient vehicles, the positive national goal of less dependence on imported oil would be achieved. 

Therefore, merely reducing coal use will not he sufficient to satisfy the Protocol. Any plan to comply with the Protocol needs to assume substitution, first by non-combustion energy sources—that is by renewables or nuclear energy—and second by natural gas. This would have to be accompanied by achievement of far greater efficiencies in energy production (for example by introduction of far more fuel-efficient steam gas turbines, driven by natural gas) and by more efficient use of energy. 

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